1. POPs and HMs
Summary
, EMEP TFMM

2. Monitoring strategy – LEVEL 1
Heavy metals in precipitation: Cd, Pb (1st priority), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd priority)

3. Monitoring strategy – LEVEL 2
POPs in air (PAHs, PCBs, HCB, chlordane, HCHs, DDT/DDE)
POPs in precipitation (PAHs, PCBs, HCB, chlordane, HCHs, DDT/DDE)
Heavy metals in air : Cd, Pb (1st priority.), Cu, Zn, As, Cr, Ni (2nd priority)
Mercury in precipitation
Mercury in air

4. Trend assessment session
1 comprehensive presentation by MSC-E
2 presentations focused on HM trends
2 general presentations with HM results
0 POPs trends (1 in section Monitoring strategy)

5. Input data for trend analysis
Measurement data:
from to (Pb, Cd)
from 1996 to (Hg, B[a]P)
Modelling data:
Pb, Cd, Hg, B[a]P
from 1990 to 2012
1990 …
2012
HMs and POPs
Trend analysis:
Stage 1 analysis of the agreement between of measurement and modelling results
Stage 2 analysis of calculated trends 5

6. Comparison of trends at Czech stations (Pb)
Stage 1
Comparison of trends at Czech stations (Pb)
Disagreement is obtained in the first half of the considered period.
Seasonal variations are in a good agreement.
Further analysis with experts in modelling, measurements and emissions is needed 6

7. Trends for the entire EMEP domain
Stage 2
Trends for the entire EMEP domain
PCB-153, air concentrations
Average annual reduction rates in countries (air concentrations)
Total reduction 72%
Pb, total deposition
Total reduction 78% 7

8. Change of transboundary transport of HMs and POPs
Peculiarities of HM and POP transport
Change of transboundary transport of HMs and POPs
1990 – 2012, PCDD/Fs
Reduction of contamination due to national and foreign sources to PCDD/F deposition (contributions of anthropogenic emissions) 8

9. Influence of intercontinental transport
Peculiarities of HM and POP transport
Influence of intercontinental transport
Changes of contributions of EMEP and non-EMEP sources to PCB-153 air concentrations in mixing layer over EMEP domain
Non-EMEP sources: 35%
Non-EMEP sources: 30% 9

10. Influence of intercontinental transport
Peculiarities of HM and POP transport
Influence of intercontinental transport
Changes of contributions of EMEP and non-EMEP sources to mercury deposition fluxes
Emission of mercury in 2012
Contribution of non-EMEP sources ~ 7 – 9 g/km2/y
Перемешивание эмиссии от различных континентов 10

11. MSC-East Prog applied to industrial tracers in PM2.5 (Montseny; RB)
16th Task Force on Measurement and Modelling Meeting May Krakow

12. Trend of TSP and Pb in background ambient air (Berezinsky reserve)
Reduction of air concentrations from 1980 to 2009:
TSP:64% (slope: %/year
Pb: 93% (slope: %/year)
Cd:56% (slope: %/year) Pb

13. ITALY
generally, the most significant changes in concentrations are explained by the changes in anthropogenic emissions
Ni concentrations decreased below 3 ng/m3 in 2010
in spite of an overall increasing of As emissions (S03) and Pb emissions (S02, S07, S08) in 2010 with respect to 2005, their concentrations in the Po Valley had decreased
Cd and Pb concentrations had increase around Torino and Brescia in correspondance of an increase in anthropogenic emissions
significativ increase of concentrations close to the boundaries is observed caused by BCs from EMEP/MSC-E model and foreign emissions inventories
simulations reproduce well the observed changes at most of the stations; the increase of grid resolution does not improve always the agreement with measurements due to complex interactions between orography, meteorology and emissions

14. Lead concentrations in air, ng/m3
Astrakhan
Danki

15. Cadmium concentrations in air, ng/m3
Astrakhan
Danki

16. Mercury concentrations in air, ng/m3
Danki

17. Lead & Cadmium concentrations in precipitation, mcg/l 2002-2012
Pb Cd
Astrakhan
Danki

18. Mercury concentrations in precipitation, mcg/l 2002-2012
Astrakhan
Danki

19. Key messages for the assessment report
Because of insufficient coverage of the EMEP domain by monitoring stations with long-term time series combined analysis using measurements with modeling is needed for further evaluation of pollution trends.
In order to validate modeled long-term changes of pollution levels against observation data it is reasonable to remove random component of modelled and measured time series and compare their trends rather than initial values.
Strong improvement of data quality in the period under review (1990 – 2015) must be taken into acconut by trend analyses

20. Key messages for the assessment report
Peculiarities of long-term changes of pollution levels in the EMEP domain, particular countries and groups of countries (e.g. EECCA, EU) were revealed by analysis of trends. This information could be included to TFMM trend report
Since intercontinental transport significantly influences EMEP pollution levels, global emission inventories and monitoring data outside the EMEP region are needed. From this viewpoint, collaboration with other international bodies (Minamata Convention, Stockholm Convention, AMAP, GMOS etc.) is needed.

21. Key messages for the assessment report
Secondary sources significantly contribute to HM and POP levels in the EMEP region. In order to improve model assessment of the levels in the EMEP countries, regional and global historical inventories of emissions to the atmosphere and other media (soils, waters) is needed. Besides, in addition to data on atmospheric monitoring of pollution levels, measurement data in other environmental compartments (soil, water, vegetation) are appreciated.
Trend analysis can provide additional information for evaluation of harmful effects from pollution by HMs and POPs.