1. Oleg Travnikov EMEP/MSC-E
Heavy metal modelling: implementation of the model review recommendations
Oleg Travnikov
EMEP/MSC-E

2. Recommendations of TFMM Workshop on the HM/POP models review
Evaluation of driving meteorological fields
Development of the model parameterization for HM re-suspension from the ground surface
Extension of the model for the second priority metals (As, Cr, Ni, Cu, Se, Zn)
Inclusion of a shallow lowest model layer
Improvement of the description of removal processes (Hg dry depositions to forests)
Further research and improvement of the description of Hg chemical transformations in the atmosphere
Extension of the hemispheric model to the global scale

3. Recommendations of TFMM Workshop on the HM/POP models review
Evaluation of driving meteorological fields
Development of the model parameterization for HM re-suspension from the ground surface
Extension of the model for the second priority metals (As, Cr, Ni, Cu, Se, Zn)
Inclusion of a shallow lowest model layer
Improvement of the description of removal processes (Hg dry depositions to forests)
Further research and improvement of the description of Hg chemical transformations in the atmosphere
Extension of the hemispheric model to the global scale

4. Evaluation of meteorological data
Evaluation procedure
Analysis of physical processes parameterization in the meteorological pre-processor (MM5)
Evaluation of generated meteorological fields against ECMWF (ERA-40) and GPCP data
Analysis of spatial and temporal variation of meteorological parameters (wind speed, air temperature, precipitation amount etc.)

5. Evaluation of meteorological data
cm/mon
MM5 (set #1)
MM5 (set #6)
ECMWF
Monthly precipitation amount in July 2000
Spatial correlation of monthly precipitation modelled by MM5 against ECMWF and GPCP data

6. Evaluation of meteorological data
Concluding remarks
The optimum set of the pre-processor (MM5) parameters was derived from the evaluation procedure
Good agreement was obtained between meteorological fields generated by the pre-processor and ECMWF/GPCP data
It is planed to move to the ECMWF input data for the pre-processing

7. Wind re-suspension of HM
Dust suspension:
Saltation
Horizontal movement of soil aggregates (40 mm – 10 mm)
Sandblasting
Collisions of soil aggregates resulting in emission of dust particles (0.1 – 20 mm)

8. Horizontal saltation flux
Threshold wind friction velocity
[Marticorena & Bergametti, 1995]
Factors affecting saltation:
Threshold wind stress
Size of soil aggregates
Soil moisture

9. Sandblasting Vertical dust flux Dust aerosol populations
[Alfaro & Gomes, 2001]
Dust aerosol populations
mode 1
mode 3
mode 2
[Alfaro et al., 1997; 1998]
mode 1
Soil populations
[Chatenet et al., 1996]
Alumino-silicated-silt (ASS)
125 mm
Fine sand (FS)
210 mm
Salts (Sa)
520 mm
Coarse sand (CS)
690 mm

10. Dust suspension from soil
Dust suspension flux (2000)
Types of ground surface:
Deserts, bare soils
Agricultural soils (during cultivation period)
Urban areas

11. HM concentration in soil
Pb concentration in European soils
Default HM concentrations in soil
(Eastern Europe, Africa, Asia)
Metal
Conc (mg/kg)
Reference Pb 15
Reimann and Cariat, 1998 Cd
0.2
Nriagu, 1980 As 5
Beyer & Cromartie, 1987 Cr 50
Shacklette et al., 1970 Ni
FOREGS (

12. Sea salt suspension Vertical sea salt flux
[Gong, 2003]
Size distribution of mass flux
HM emission factors
Gong-Monahan
Metal
EF (mg/kg)
Reference Pb
4000
Richardson et al., 2001 Cd 40 As
300
Nriagu, 1989 Cr 80 Ni
180

13. Anthropogenic emissions vs. re-suspension (Pb)
Anthropogenic emissions (ESPREME)

14. Anthropogenic emissions vs. re-suspension (Pb)
Pb emissions in European countries
Pb mean concentration in soil

15. Anthropogenic emissions vs. re-suspension (Cd)
Anthropogenic emissions (ESPREME)

16. Anthropogenic emissions vs. re-suspension (Cd)
Cd emissions in European countries
Cd mean concentration in soil

17. Model evaluation for different emission scenarios
Comparison of official/TNO emissions data and ESPREME estimates
Lead
Cadmium
Official/TNO – 11 kt/y
ESPREME – 13 kt/y
Official/TNO – 280 t/y
ESPREME – 580 t/y

18. Model results vs. observationsPb
Annual mean Pb concentration in precipitation (2000)
Official/TNO
Official/TNO+resuspen.
ESPREME+resuspen.
Areg = 0.35
Rcorr = 0.7
Areg = 0.62
Rcorr = 0.66
Areg = 0.79
Rcorr = 0.62
Areg – linear regression coefficient
Rcorr – correlation coefficient

19. Model results vs. observationsCd
Annual mean Cd concentration in precipitation (2000)
Official/TNO
Official/TNO+resuspen.
ESPREME+resuspen.
Areg = 0.26
Rcorr = 0.76
Areg = 0.33
Rcorr = 0.71
Areg = 0.71
Rcorr = 0.53
Areg – linear regression coefficient
Rcorr – correlation coefficient

20. Second priority metals
Annual depositions of As, Cr, Ni in 2000 As Cr Ni

21. Second priority metalsNi
Annual mean Ni concentration in air (2000)
Air concentration of Ni at different monitoring sites (ESPREME emissions)
Official/TNO
ESPREME
Areg
0.69
1.27
Rcorr
0.87
0.83

22. Conclusions
A tentative parameterisation of wind re-suspension of heavy metals from soil and seawater has been developed
Re-suspension of lead is comparable to anthropogenic emissions, whereas cadmium re-suspension insignificantly contribute to total emission in Europe
Modelling results based on the ESPREME estimates commonly demonstrate better agreement with measurements than those on the official/TNO data
The model parameterisation has been extended for the second priority metals. Preliminary modelling results demonstrate satisfactory agreement with measurements