1. Assessment of POP pollution in EMEP region: current progress and further activities
MSC-E: Alexey Gusev, Victor Shatalov, Olga Rozovskaya, Nadejda Vulykh
CCC: Wenche Aas, Knut Breivik
INERIS: Florian Couvidat
CIEMAT: Marta Garcia Vivanco 1

2. Outcome of activities on POPs in 2018
Main topics:
POP monitoring in the EMEP region: peculiarities and available data
Model assessment of POP pollution: main results and problems
Progress in the case study on B(a)P pollution in Spain and France
Exceedances of B(a)P air quality limits in the EMEP countries
Co-operation with subsidiary bodies, international organizations and national experts
Detailed results are available in internet:

3. Monitoring of POPs
EMEP monitoring network provides information on background levels of POPs
New EMEP priorities imply inclusion of complementary national /regional monitoring data:
B(a)P: EU AIRBASE (870 sites, )
PCDD/F: Spanish monitoring network (12 sites, )
TOMPS (UK) monitoring network (6 sites, )
Involvement of additional measurements (e.g. national data, passive sampling results) needs more active participation of CCC
PCDD/F, Spain
PCDD/F, TOMPS
EMEP POP network
AIRBASE sites for B(a)P

4. Peculiarities of PAH and PCB monitoring
PCB-153 in air (2016)
B(a)P in air (2016)
ng m-3
pg m-3
EMEP
EMEP
AIRBASE
Analysis of monitoring data highlights:
Need of information on observed gas-particle partitioning of POPs
Importance to sustain long-time series and continued monitoring (PCBs)
Importance of fine spatial and temporal resolution in PAH emissions and modelling due to high spatial variability in observed concentrations

5. Model assessment of POP pollution
POP modelling is based on emissions with fine spatial resolution (0.1°x0.1°)
Higher spatial resolution generally improves agreement with measurements
PCDD/Fs
HCB
PCB-153
B(a)P
Modelled and observed POP air concentrations (2016)

6. Model assessment of B(a)P pollution
Modelled B(a)P concentrations vs EMEP+AIRBASE measurements for 2016 x3 x2
Low correlation: FR, ES, DE
Underestimation: FR, PL
Overestimation: DE
Inclusion of more detailed measurements of AIRBASE indicated low correlation and underprediction of observed concentrations

7. Case study on B(a)P pollution: scenario modelling
Aim:
Explore possibility to improve B(a)P pollution assessment using experimental emission scenario
Selected countries
Emission scenario approach:
Official emissions of selected countries were scaled according to possible uncertainties in national inventories
Difference between TNO inventory and official emissions (2005)
Underestimation of emission (Residential combustion sector)
Overestimation of emission (Agriculture sector)

8. Case study on B(a)P pollution: scenario modelling
Aim:
Explore possibility to improve B(a)P pollution assessment using experimental emission scenario
Selected countries
Main features:
Sectors considered: Residential combustion (PL, FR, DE, BE, NL) and Agriculture (ES, PT)
Scaling coefficients were agreed with national experts (FR, ES)
Annual B(a)P emissions (2015)
SCENARIO
138 t
BASE CASE
Annual B(a)P emissions (2015)

9. Case study on B(a)P pollution: scenario modelling
GLEMOS and CHIMERE (France) model simulations for scenario model runs
GLEMOS
CHIMERE
GLEMOS and CHIMERE (France) model simulations for base case model runs
GLEMOS
CHIMERE
Both models similarly showed underestimation of measurements and low correlation
Both models similarly showed improvements of agreement with measurements
Rough emission scenario indicates the need of further analysis of national emission inventories of selected countries
To further improve accuracy of model predictions refinement of parameterizations of B(a)P degradation and gas-particle partitioning in GLEMOS and CHIMERE is planned

10. Case study on B(a)P pollution: Spain
Over-prediction of observed B(a)P pollution - high emissions from agricultural sources
Analysis of methodology for evaluation of PAH emissions revealed some inconsistencies*
GLEMOS and CHIMERE (Spain) test modelling showed better agreement with measurements
Further refinement of PAH emissions from the Agriculture sector (3F)
CHIMERE
GLEMOS
Modelled and observed B(a)P air concentrations
Modelled vs observed B(a)P air concentrations (GLEMOS)
* performed by experts from CIEMAT (Spain)

11. Contribution to evaluation of exposure
Measured and modelled B(a)P concentrations show exceedances of EU and WHO air quality limits in the EMEP countries
According to model results ~9% of population were exposed to B(a)P concentrations above EU target level, and ~75% - above WHO reference level
Highest B(a)P concentrations were observed at urban background sites
Model assessment needs to consider hybrid approaches for evaluation of pollution of urban areas
Modelled (5x5 km2) B(a)P air concentrations (Czech Republic)
AIRBASE data (2016)

12. Co-operation and exchange of information on POPs
Evaluation of PAH pollution and exposure requires co-operation with Working Group on PAHs of the Task Force on Health
Co-operation and exchange of information with EU REACH on PAH emissions and content in various products
Co-operation with HELCOM: data on POP deposition included into the Baltic Sea Pollution Load Compilation report (PLC-6)
Co-operation with the Stockholm Convention: national POP emission inventories (PCDD/Fs, PCBs, HCB), monitoring data
- Update of global PCDD/F emission scenario ( )

13. Main directions of work in 2019
Country-scale assessment of POP pollution: - Continue assessment of B(a)P pollution for Spain and France - Evaluation of pollution levels in high-emission and high-impact areas - Analysis of factors affecting quality of POP pollution modelling
Evaluation of multi-compartment intercontinental transport of POPs: - Assessment of PCDD/Fs and PCB pollution from regional and global sources - Analysis of the key factors affecting POP accumulation in and exchange between the environmental media - Evaluation of secondary emissions of selected POPs
3. Contribution to the analysis of effectiveness of implementation of Protocol on POPs (co-operation with TF TEI): - Analysis of long-term trends of B(a)P pollution levels - Assessment of B(a)P pollution levels with focus on urban areas - Evaluation of the key source categories contribution to B(a)P pollution - Projections of future B(a)P pollution levels