1. 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris
The usage of complimentary measurement data from national programmes and WGE for evaluation of pollution levels in Europe and model validation
Ilia Ilyin, EMEP/MSC-E
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

2. Available monitoring data on Heavy Metals (HMs) and POPs
“Traditional” EMEP monitoring data
Concentrations in air
Concentrations in precipitation & wet deposition fluxes
“Complimentary” monitoring data
Concentrations of HMs in mosses (WGE/ICP-Vegetation)
Concentrations of POPs measured by passive samplers (national and international measurement campaigns )
Throughfall measurements
Concentrations in waters, soils, vegetation ….
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

3. Measurement network of POPs in air and in precipitation
Global scale
Europe and Central Asia
POP measurement sites
Coverage is insufficient both and Europe and worldwide
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

4. Monitoring of POPs with passive samplers
Spatial coverage of Global atmospheric passive sampling study (GAPS)
RECETOX passive sampling network
MONET sites
EMEP sites
Spatial coverage of MONET_CEEC network
Sampling sites
UNEP and EMEP monitoring strategies include passive sampling campaigns:
UNEP GAPS global
EMEP/CCC regional
RECETOX regional
MONET regional
EMEP/CCC passive sampling campaign
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

5. Monitoring network in the Central and Eastern Europe (MONET_CEEC)
Monitoring of POPs with passive samplers
Monitoring network in the Central and Eastern Europe (MONET_CEEC)
Available for 2006, 2007, 2008
More than 34 stations
About 50 POPs incl. HCH, PAH, PCBs …
Distinguished between
- industrial
- urban
- suburban
- rural
- background
Сказать благодарности тем, кто дал ПОПс данные
Averaged modelled (ng/m3) and measured (ng/sample) air concentrations of PCB-153
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

6. 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris
Monitoring of POPs with passive samplers
Spatial distribution of PCB-153 air concentrations
Rcorr
Location
Urban background
0.50
Suburban
0.86
Rural
0.12
Background
0.17
All together
0.63
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

7. Conversion to air concentrations: sources of uncertainties
Monitoring of POPs with passive samplers
Conversion to air concentrations: sources of uncertainties
Csample = Cair x ESR x t,
ESR – Effective Sampling Rate
t – exposure time
Sources of uncertainties
ESR for European sites (UNEP/GAPS data)
ESR estimation
Photodegradation during sampling
Evaporation ……
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

8. 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris
CCC passive sampling campaign
Wide spatial coverage
PCBs, B[a]P …
Year 2006
Measured values converted to ng/m3
- CCC passive samplers
- EMEP POPs measurements
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

9. 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris
Comparison of modelled and measured by passive samplers concentrations in air of PCB-153
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

10. 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris
Comparison of calculated concentrations with EMEP passive and active measurements
PCB-153 in 2006
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

11. 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris
Data on HM concentrations in mosses
Moss data source: ICP-Vegetation of WGE
Four pan-European moss surveys: 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005/2006
Measured concentrations in mosses of: Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, V, Zn, Al, Sb, N
Up to 7000 individual values per metal per year
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

12. 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris
Heavy Metal concentrations in mosses
Why moss data can be useful?
EMEP monitoring stations ( )
EMEP monitoring stations + moss measurements
Peculiarities of measurements in mosses:
wider spatial extension
more detailed spatial resolution
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

13. 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris
Heavy Metal concentrations in mosses
Preparation of moss and deposition data
Moss data:
Individual moss samples converted to EMEP grid-cell averaged values
Data filtering: values outside (mean ± 3 σ) were not used in the comparison (about 2-3%)
Deposition data: averaging over 3 year prior each survey
Survey
Period of deposition averaging
1990
1995
1992 – 1994
2000
1997 – 1999
2005/2006
2003 – 2005
Сказать, что согласовано с ICP-Veg
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

14. 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris
Heavy Metal concentrations in mosses
Comparison of spatial variability
Normalized measured concentrations in mosses, wet deposition and modelled total depositions (Pb, 2005)
Measured Conc. in mosses
Modelled deposition
- Measured wet deposition
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

15. 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris
Heavy Metal concentrations in mosses
Spatial distribution within countries (Pb, 2005)
Pb, 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

16. 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris
Heavy Metal concentrations in mosses
Spatial distribution within countries (Cd, 2005)
The highest emissions
in BG (official data)
Cd, 2005
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

17. 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris
Heavy Metal concentrations in mosses
Trends of depositions and concentrations of in mosses (Pb)
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

18. 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris
Heavy Metal concentrations in mosses
Trends of depositions and concentrations of in mosses (Cd)
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

19. 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris
Other monitoring data
Data
Purpose
HM concentrations in soils and surface waters
Parameterization of wind re-suspension
Hg concentrations in soil and waters
Parameterization of natural emission
POP concentrations in soils, waters, vegetation
Parameterization of gaseous exchange, model validation
Gas/particle measurements of POPs
Improvement of model parameterization of gas-particle partitioning
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

20. HM concentration in soil
Pb concentration in European soils
For other regions (Central Asia), SEE and EECCA countries, Asia, Africa default values are set!
FOREGS (
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

21. 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris
Conclusions
The usage of the measurement data on HMs in mosses (WGE) and POP passive sampling campaigns (MONET, CCC ) is promising approach for model validation and complex analysis of temporal trends and spatial distribution of pollution levels.
For Europe as a whole the spatial pattern of modeled deposition fluxes and concentration in mosses are similar: In most cases regions with higher deposition correspond to regions with higher moss concentrations and vice versa
Significant spatial correlation between modelled deposition of HMs and concentrations was found for Scandinavia and some central European countries (e.g, Poland, Czech Republic…).
Long-term calculated deposition trends of HMs agree reasonably well with trends of concentrations in mosses
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

22. 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris
Conclusions (cont.)
Results of passive sampling campaigns are useful for further refinement of description of POP pollution levels
Modelled PCB-153 air concentrations essentially correlate with measurements of passive sampling campaigns (MONET, CCC)
Measurements of HM and POP concentrations in soils, sea and fresh water and vegetation are needed
Further collaboration with WGE and national and international research groups in field of joint assessment of HM and POP pollution across Europe is highly appreciated
EMEP/MSC-E
10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris