Section 1: Growth of Royal Power in England and France Aim: How did English kings emerge and through what methods did they begin to centralize? Do Now: 1. Pass up homework 2. If you became king of an island today, what methods would you use to CENTRALIZE control?

Chapter 8: The High and Late Middle Ages (1050-1450)

Section 1: Royal Power Grows

Medieval Power Medieval monarchs struggled to exert royal authority over nobles and churchmen Monarchs built nation-states Nation-states- regions that share a government and that are independent of other states

Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church Monarchs in Europe stood at the head of society and had limited power Nobles had as much power as monarchs did in the Church Both nobles and the Church had their own courts, collected their own taxes, and fielded their own armies Monarchs during the High Middle Ages began to gain more power than the church, they organized government bureaucracies, developed tax systems, and built standing armies Townspeople supported royal rulers

English Kings Strengthen Their Power A feudal society developed in England In 1066, the Anglo-Saxon king, Edward, died without an heir England decided that Edward’s brother- in-law Harold was to rule after him But, William the Duke of Normandy of France also claimed the English throne William was related to King Edward and said Edward promised him the throne This causes a rival

William, Duke of Normandy William started an army and also gained backing of the pope William sailed to England Battle of Hastings William won, became known as William the Conqueror Nobles from France dominated England For the next 300 years there was a blend of French and Anglo-Saxon customs, languages, and traditions

William’s Power in England William wanted to control the land in England William granted fiefs to the Church and to his lords He monitored who people built castles and where He required vassals to swear allegiance to him rather than to their feudal lord Census called Domesday Book

King Henry II English king Expanded laws and customs and sent out justices to enforce those laws Common law- a legal system based on custom and court rulings and impacted everyone who lived in England Local officials collected a jury- a group of men sworn to speak the truth

King Henry and the Church The rules that King Henry brought to England conflicted with the Church Henry wanted clergy to be tried in courts Thomas Becket, archbishop of Canterbury opposed this King Henry had Becket killed

Issues With Government and the Church English rulers ideas clashed with the Church The Church tried to extend its rights by raising taxes and imposing authority of feudal manors Henry II’s son was King John King John had three enemies: King Philip II of France, Pope Innocent III and the English nobles John lost a war to Philip II and had to give up Normandy John was also excommunicated by Pope Innocent III Pope Innocent III also placed all of England under an interdict- the papal order that forbade Church services in an entire kingdom

Magna Carta Under John’s rule there were oppressive taxes and other abuses of power 1215- baron forced John to sign the Magna Carta 1. Nobles had certain rights 2. The monarch must obey the law 3. Townspeople had legal rights 4. Protections against wrongful arrests Due process of law Habeas Corpus

Monarchs in France French monarchs did not rule over a unified kingdom French kings made the throne hereditary Won support of the Church Built an effective bureaucracy The government collected taxes

Philip II French king Philip paid middle-class officials so that they would be loyal to him Expanded the land He had become the most powerful ruler in Europe

King Louis IX Louis persecuted heretics Persecuted Jews and led French knights in two Crusades Church declared him a saint Expanded royal courts, outlawed private wars, ended serfdom

Estates General Existed in France Three estates: Clergy, nobles, townspeople Never gained the power of the purse

Section 2: The Holy Roman Empire and the Church

Church Power Middle Ages- The Church spread its influence and increased its power across Europe. 1077- Conflicts between secular rulers and Church rulers.

Pope Gregory VII Determined to make the church independent of secular rulers. He banned the practice of lay investiture- when a lay person installed a bishop in office.

Emperor Henry IV (Germany) Angered by Pope Gregory’s actions the two exchanged insulting notes. How did the pope react? The pope (Gregory) excommunicated Henry Henry took revenge on Gregory by leading an army to Rome and forced the pope into exile. What is the significance of the 1122 Concordat of Worms? Treaty declared the Church had the sole power to elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority.

The Height of Church Power Pope Innocent III- 1198 Why is he considered the most powerful pope of the Middle Ages? He excommunicated King John of England Placed the entire kingdom under interdict Monarchs started to get stronger and centralized their power

Section 3: Europeans Look Outward

The Crusades What caused the Crusades? What council did Pope Urban II call after Emperor Alexius I ask him for help? Council of Clermont Why did the pope agree to help? 1. Hoped to increase his power 2. Heal schism (or, at least try)

The Crusades What motivated the Europeans to go fight in the Holy Land? Religious Zeal Many knights hoped to win wealth and land

The Crusades Who was Saladin? Who sacked Constantinople and why? Muslim leader who had control of Jerusalem Who sacked Constantinople and why? Muslims Why did Europeans lose the Crusades? Muslim armies overran the crusader states

The effects of the Crusades Economic expansion- how? Increased power of monarchs- how, why? The Church- what changed? A wider world view- how so? Religious anger turned toward Jews- how, why?

The Reconquista in Spain What was the Reconquista? North African Muslims (Moors) were in present day Spain Christian kingdom expanded their borders The campaign to drive out Muslims from the peninsula was known as Reconquista What monarchs initiated it? Ferdinand and Isabella

What were the effects of the Reconquista? Ferdinand and Isabella wanted to bring unity to the diverse people Especially religious unity Jews and Muslims were no longer tolerated What was the Inquisition? A Church court set up to try people accused of heresy.

Section 4: Learning Literature and the Arts Medieval Universities Why did they spring up in the Middle Ages? What were their purpose? Academic Guilds- what are they? Cathedrals to train clergy Student life What was it like to be a student?

Women and Education Were women allowed to be educated, why or why not? Christine de Pizan Writer born in Italy and moved to the French court The City of Ladies Questioned several imaginary characters about men’s negative views on women What role should women play according to men?

Christine de Pizan “Not all men (and especially the wisest) share the opinion that it is bad for women to be educated. But it is very true that many foolish men have claimed this because it displeased them that women knew more than they did.” ― Christine de Pizan, The Book of the City of Ladies

Christine de Pizan “How was she created? I'm not sure if you realize this, but it was in God's image. How can anybody dare to speak ill of something which bears such a noble imprint?” ― Christine de Pizan, The Book of the City of Ladies

“New Learning” Spread of learning Philosophy Science and Mathematics Who was responsible for bringing the interest of learning back to the Europeans? Philosophy Aristotle taught that people should use reason discover basic truths Christians accepted many ideas on faith- clash To try to resolve conflict- Scholasticism used reason to support Christian beliefs Science and Mathematics Why did science not make many advancements during the Middle Ages?

Medieval Literature Writings began to appear in the vernacular Literature included epics (long narrative poems) Spain’s Poem of the Cid Dante’s Divine Comedy Dante Alighieri takes the reader through an imaginary journey into hell and purgatory where souls await forgiveness and then his vision of heaven Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales Band of English pilgrims traveling to Thomas Becket’s tomb Characters each have story to tell

Arts and Architecture Romanesque Gothic Illuminated Manuscripts What did it look like? Gothic What did Gothic Cathedrals look like? Why did they have stained glass windows? Illuminated Manuscripts What were they and what was their purpose?

Romanesque Floor Plans

St. Filibert, France 10th Century

Interior of a Romanesque Cathedral

Gothic Cathedral

Gothic Floor Plans

Canterbury Cathedral, England

Interior of a Gothic Cathedral

Interior of a Gothic Cathedral

St. Etienne, Bourges, Late 12th Century Flying Buttress!!

Flying Buttress

Cathedral Gargoyles

Stained Glass Windows For the glory of God. For religious instructions.

The Crucifixion Giotto 1305 Tempera on wood and ground gold