1. The High and Late Middle Ages

2. Monarchs, Nobles, and the Church
the balance of power shifts
Monarchs centralized power; expand their domains at expense of the Church
Supported by townspeople who wanted peace for trade

3. William of Normandy William conquers England; King (1066)
Fiefs and taxes
Common law and trial by jury
By 1154 Henry II has serious conflict with church over legal authority
1170 Thomas Becket, archbishop is assassinated
Battle of Hastings, 1066

4. Evolving Systems of Government
John angers the Church and his own nobles
1215 the nobles force him to sign the Magna Carta
Gives nobles rights; due process given to all citizens
King subject to the law
King has a council of advisors; can’t tax arbitrarily

5. Parliament 1200s the Great Council becomes Parliament
This becomes England’s legislature
House of Lords
House of Commons
Power of the Purse; the right to approve any new taxes

6. Monarchs in France In 1179 Phillip II becomes King of France
Loyalty, taxes, expansion make him most powerful ruler in Europe
His grandson Louis IV clashes with the pope
Schism; Avignon
Estes General

7. The Holy Roman Empire After Charlemagne’s death empire broke up
936 Otto I becomes King of Germany
Close ties to Pope
962 crowned Emperor
Claim control of central and eastern Europe

8. Pope Versus Emperor 1054 Henry IV King of Germany; Holy Roman Emperor
Gregory VII Pope
Fight over lay investiture
Excommunication; rebellion; exile
1122 The Concordat of Worms

9. The Struggle for Italy 1100-1200 German emperors try to control Italy
Frederick I tries to take Italy
He’s defeated but clashes with several popes
While he’s in Italy his nobles get more independent

10. Church Power at its Height
1198 Innocent III
Claims authority over all earthly rulers
1209 launches a holy war against French heretics; Crusade; tens of thousands slaughtered
Extends Papal Sates and power

11. The Crusades Europe in isolation
Brilliant civilizations in India, Asia, Africa and the Middle East
Especially the Muslim
Series of wars begun in 1096
Christians battle Muslims for control of the Holy Land
Lasts for 200 years

12. The Call to Crusade Seljuk Turks (Muslim) overrun Middle East
The Byzantine Emperor asks Pope Urban II for help
At the Council of Clermont Urban makes the call
Urban hopes to increase his power and heal the Schism

13. Massacre Only the First Crusade is successful Crusader States
These are overrun causing more Crusades
1187 Jerusalem falls to Saladin
1291 Muslims overrun the Crusader States

14. Economic Impact of the Crusades
Religious hatred
European economies expand; trade routes open to move luxury items from the Byzantine Empire
Venetians build huge fleets
Growth of money economy

15. Effects on Monarchs and Church
Increases power of the Monarchs
Collect taxes to support Crusades
Papal power reaches its height
Contact with the Muslim world opened the world to Europeans through trade and exploration

16. Jews Being Expelled from Spain
The Reconquista
The campaign to drive the Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula
1085 Christians retake Toledo
1300 Christians control peninsula except for Grenada
1469 Ferdinand and Isabella marry
Jews Being Expelled from Spain

17. Education
As economic and political conditions improve there is a need for educated people
1100s sees schools and cathedrals to train clergy
Women couldn’t attend universities but could go to convents

18. New Learning Greek and Roman knowledge lost to Europe
Muslim scholars had translated it
1100s these reach Europe
Creates crisis of faith versus logic
Thomas Aquinas

19. Medieval Culture Literature; epics and the Divine Comedy
The Canterbury Tales
Architecture and art
Romanesque to Gothic
Stone; glass; Notre Dame Cathedral
The North Rose Window

20. Notre Dame Cathedral

21. The Black Death 1347 trading ships dock at Messina; bring Black Death
By 1348 reached Spain and France
Bubonic Plague; spreads to Asia
Epidemic set off by Mongol invasions in the 1200s

22. Illustration of the Black Death from the Toggenburg Bible (1411)
Effects of the Plague
Normal life breaks down; terror, bodies, people flee cities
Jews are blamed and persecuted
Economy suffers; inflation
Church splits; The Great Schism
Illustration of the Black Death from the Toggenburg Bible (1411)

23. The Hundred Years War
France and England engage in a series of conflicts
English win early victories
Joan of Arc fights for France
War creates sense of nationalism in France;
Absolute monarchs
England sees rise of Parliament