1. A series of wars between Christians and Muslims for control of Middle Eastern lands. Crusades

2. A religious French king who improved royal government. King Louis IX

3. The Holy Roman Emperor who fought to control wealthy northern Italian cities. Frederick Barbarossa

4. The everyday languages of ordinary people. vernacular

5. A campaign to drive Muslims from the Iberian peninsula. Reconquista

6. Artistic decoration of books in the Gothic style. illumination

7. The appointment and installation of bishops by non-clergy. Lay investiture

8. The English king who signed the Magna Carta. King John

9. The use of reason to support Christian beliefs. scholasticism

10. An outbreak of rapid-spreading disease. epidemic

11. In 1122, the treaty called the Concordat of Worms gave the Church the sole power to … elect and invest bishops with spiritual authority

12. What is a true statement about the French Capetian kings … They imposed royal law over their domain.

13. During the High Middle Ages, one method monarchs used to gain more power was to … strengthen ties with the middle class

14. Why did King John sign the Magna Carta in England in 1215? to appease rebellious nobles angered over his abuse of power.

15. How did William the Conqueror strengthen his power after becoming king of England in 1066? He required every vassal to swear first allegiance to him.

16. The system of common law established by English king Henry II? applied to all of England, unlike local feudal laws.

17. What was an effect of the Black Death? There were large increases in wages and prices throughout Europe.

18. What work did Italian poet Dante Alighieri write that takes the reader on an imaginary journey into hell and purgatory? Divine Comedy

19. Science made little real progress in Europe in the Middle Ages because … most scholars thought that all knowledge must fit with Church teachings.

20. After the Reconquista was complete in 1492, Queen Isabella? launched a crusade against Jews and Muslims.

21. At the Council of Clermont in 1095, why did Roman Pope Urban II rally Christians to help Byzantine emperor Alexius I? to drive the Muslim Turks from the Holy Land

22. What was an effect of the Hundred Years’ War? English rulers turned to new trading ventures overseas.

23. What was a result of the Hundred Years’ War? French kings were able to expand their power.

24. What brought on a decline in the power of the papacy in 1309? Pope Clement V moved the papal court to Avignon.

25. Why did many rural peasants move to cities during the plague years of the late 1300s? Due to high labor costs, landowners devoted less land to raising crops.

26. The Gothic style of architecture is noted for … its graceful spires and tall windows.

27. What is the basic story of the Song of Roland? A true, chivalric hero sacrifices his life out of a sense of honor.

28. In his work Summa Theologica, who concluded that there is no conflict between faith and reason? Thomas Aquinas

29. One major reason why universities began to emerge in medieval Europe was that … better-educated clergy were needed for Church positions.

30. During the First Crusade in 1099, Christian knights succeeded in capturing … Jerusalem

31. The campaigns of Frederick II into Italy … allowed German nobles to become independent

32. English King Edward I changed Parliament by … including representatives of the “common people.”

33. When translations of the works of Greek thinkers reached Christian scholars in the 1100s, … they began a revolution in the world of learning

34. A bitter debate took place between Henry II of England and the Church because Henry … claimed the right to try clergy in royal courts.

35. What caused the dispute between Henry II and Thomas Becket? Henry claimed the right to try clergy in royal courts.