Inference Roman Republic World History Unit 3, Lesson 2 ©2012, TESCCC

Inference The act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true. ©2012, TESCCC

From a historian’s perspective, what might this shape represent? Inference: The act or process of deriving logical conclusions from premises known or assumed to be true. ©2012, TESCCC

Rise of Rome Early Settlement of Rome in the Italian Peninsula at around 700 BC along the Tiber River Roman Republic is Established at around 509 BC Roman Republic Expands: The Roman Empire Pax Romana “Roman Peace” (lasting about 200 years from 27 BC to 395 AD) How might geography affect an emerging civilization? ry/romans/city_of_rome/ GoGo to Slide: Roman Empire ©2012, TESCCC

Early Romans: Latin- Early settlers of Rome Etruscans- Northern Italy –Eventually take control of Rome and build it into a great city. –Build it on 7 hills for protection. 509 BC- Romans drive Etruscans out. Click on map to go back to “Rise of Rome” slide ©2012, TESCCC

Roman Government: Republic Republic - a government with elected representativesRepublic - a government with elected representatives Twelve TablesTwelve Tables PatriciansPatricians PlebeiansPlebeians SenateSenate ConsulsConsuls ©2012, TESCCC

Roman government Patricians- wealthy landowners that controlled the republic. Consuls- two individuals that directed the daily affairs of government and led the army. –One-year terms ©2012, TESCCC

The Senate 300-member council of patricians that made laws and served Rome –Most powerful part of the Republic ©2012, TESCCC

The Plebeians The common people (common farmers, artisans, merchants) Had no say in government Allowed to take part in the assembly, but had less power than the Senate. Twelve Tables- 451 BCE –Plebeians have Roman laws written. –Gives common people some protection against unfair patrician decisions. –Twelve Tables may be found at: Click on map to go back to “Rise of Rome” slide ©2012, TESCCC

Rise of Rome Early Settlement of Rome in the Italian Peninsula at around 700 BC along the Tiber River Roman Republic is Established at around 509 BC Roman Republic Expands: The Roman Empire Pax Romana “Roman Peace” (lasting about 200 years from 27 BC to 395 AD) How might geography affect an emerging civilization? ry/romans/city_of_rome/ GoGo to Slide: Roman Empire ©2012, TESCCC

The Roman Empire Rome had a superior army due to its discipline and organization Roman Legions (army units) Punic Wars (a series of wars that were fought to expand the size of Rome) Rome expands to North Africa, parts of Europe and other lands surrounding the Mediterranean Sea. Julius Caesar (Roman general becomes Emperor) Read more at: add website ©2012, TESCCC

Julius Caesar Reforms Rome 1.Reorganized government with him as dictator. 2.Lowered taxes. 3.Makes governors responsible to him. 4.Grants citizenship to conquered peoples. March 15, 44 BCE- Caesar assassinated –Stabbed in the Senate “Beware the Ides of March.” –Augustus Caesar next ruler –Pax Romana (a period of peace: 27 BC to 395 AD) ©2012, TESCCC

The Roman Empire Augustus Caesar gains control of the following: –M–Military Takes complete control of Gives veterans bonuses of land. –P–Provinces Supervised all the governors. –L–Loyalty to Rome Granted citizenship to more conquered peoples of Europe. ©2012, TESCCC

The Punic Wars BCE- Series of wars between Rome and Carthage –Carthage – North African city founded by Phoenicians. First Punic War –Rome – superior army –Carthage – superior navy –Rome gains Sicily – makes it a province (territory outside of Italy) Second Punic War –Hannibal invades Italy. ©2012, TESCCC

Roman Alliances How did Rome maintain its alliances with former enemies? 1.Granted Roman citizenship to allies. 2.Allowed allies to keep local government. 3.Gave protection and maintained order in Italy. ©2012, TESCCC

Why do Empires Fall? Empire: A major political unit having a territory of greater extent or a number of territories or peoples under a single sovereign authority. ©2012, TESCCC

Fall of Rome Invasions Weak military Failure to collect taxes Bad leadership 476 AD marks the official fall of Rome Empire was too large Increase use of slaves put Romans out of work Prices increased Corruption Decrease in trade Invasions: Franks, Visigoths, Huns, Vandals, Saxons ©2012, TESCCC

Roman Empire is divided into the Western Empire and the Eastern Empire (Byzantine Empire) Justinian Code After the fall of the Roman Empire, the eastern part of the empire (Byzantine Empire) under Emperor Justinian clarified roman laws. Justinian, at around 529 (AD) formed a committee of ten men to work on this project. The end product was the Justinian Code of Laws. Today, much of modern day laws are based on Roman Law and the Justinian Code of Laws. ©2012, TESCCC

Roman Influences Add titles or descriptions to weblinks: deconstructed Other helpful links: ©2012, TESCCC

Roman Influences Draw a graphic organizer on your booklet (last two pages of your booklet). You may add more extensions to the organizer. Religious Political Roman Influences Culture ©2012, TESCCC

The Rise and Fall of Rome 500 BC 476 AD Pax Romana ©2012, TESCCC

Hannibal Carthaginian general Invades Italy from the north via the Alps with elephants. Battle of Cannae –Hannibal pulls back from Rome. –Romans believe he is retreating and follow. –Hannibal surrounds and defeats. Scipio- Roman general attacks Carthage –Hannibal tries to return home. –Defeats Hannibal at the Battle of Zama. ©2012, TESCCC

Destruction of Carthage Romans burn it because it represented Hannibal. Survivors sold into slavery. Becomes a Roman province along with Greece and the Mediterranean. ©2012, TESCCC

The Roman Republic in Crisis Hannibal’s invasion destroyed the farms. Newly conquered lands begin to import food into Rome. –Farmer income declines. –Latifundia (large estates) created. ©2012, TESCCC

The Gracchus Brothers Tiberius Gracchus –Elected to tribune promising aid to the farmers –Called for taking land and distributing it to the landless Limit farm size Gaius Gracchus –Gives grain to the poor –Opened more land to farmers –Secured more rights for the middle class ©2012, TESCCC

More turmoil… Romans originally stayed united due to their fear of Carthage –N–No Carthage – nothing to fear Senate unable to provide effective leadership –P–Patricians become more concerned w/ keeping their power and wealth. Slave revolts! ©2012, TESCCC

Spartacus 73 BCE Proclaims war on Rome in attempt to free the slaves. 2 years of successful revolts Eventually killed along with 6000 followers. ©2012, TESCCC

The rise of dictators Dictator- one person w/ absolute power Military loyalty came from loyalty to Rome. Gaius Marius –Ensures loyalty of troops by promising loot from conquered lands. Lucius Sulla –Rival to Marius –Bloody wars over power –Defeats Marius and becomes dictator of Rome. ©2012, TESCCC

First triumvirate 60 BCE- Three army generals unite to rule Rome. –P–Pompey –C–Crassus –J–Julius Caesar Caesar becomes consul and commands the Roman legions in Gaul. –C–Conquers Gaul (France) and England. Pompey gets support from Senate. –O–Orders Caesar to return home w/out the army. Caesar invades Rome w/ army and defeats Pompey. –B–Becomes a “hero of the empire.” ©2012, TESCCC

Second triumvirate Mark Antony Lepidus Octavian Created by Mark Antony –Falls in love w/ Cleopatra, queen of Egypt Octavian crushes the combined fleet of Antony and Cleopatra. ©2012, TESCCC

Octavian 31 BCE- creates the Roman Empire Allows Senate to keep some power, but he would retain sole rulership. Changes name to Augustus –“honored and majestic” Takes title of “Caesar” –“first citizen” ©2012, TESCCC

Pax Romana “The Roman Peace” AD“The Roman Peace” AD –Period of peace and prosperity. Julio-Claudian dynastyJulio-Claudian dynasty –No real line of succession to the throne. –First four emperors after Augustus that were either related to him or his wife. –Not as good as Augustus. ©2012, TESCCC

Additional Slides For extension ©2012, TESCCC

Tiberius AD Augustus’ stepson Plots and violence become common in Roman politics. ©2012, TESCCC

Caligula Cruel and insane Rules for 4 years –Assassinated by his imperial guard. ©2012, TESCCC

Claudius AD Restores order to the Roman Empire. ©2012, TESCCC

Nero Claudius’ stepson Becomes Emperor at age 17. Becomes bloodthirsty and violent. –Murders own mother for criticizing his mistress. Rome burns in 64 AD. –Nero blames the Christians. Army rebels against him, and he commits suicide. ©2012, TESCCC

Vespasian The year after Nero’s death, 2 emperors are assassinated and 1 commits suicide. Chosen by military as emperor of Rome. Restores discipline in the army and the administration of the Empire. –Puts down revolts in Judaea and Gaul. ©2012, TESCCC

Judean revolt 66 AD – Jews revolt against Rome. Jerusalem captured and Holy Temple is destroyed. Masada – 1000 Jews take refuge in a mountain fortress. –2–2 year siege – falls to Rome in 73 AD. –A–All the Jews inside commit suicide. ©2012, TESCCC

Nerva Vespasian's sons rule for almost 10 years. Senate chooses Nerva as the new emperor in 96 AD. Establishes the adoptive system. –Adopts a son and declares him the heir to the throne. ©2012, TESCCC

Trajan AD Adopted son of Nerva. Spanish-born Wise and popular –Eases tax burden. Empire reaches its greatest size. ©2012, TESCCC

Hadrian AD Devoted to protecting the Empire, rather than expanding it. Creates Palestine out of Jewish territory. –Encourages non-Jews to live there. ©2012, TESCCC

Marcus Aurelius Last of the adopted emperors –“Good Emperors” Many border wars with the Germanic tribes Abandons the adoptive system and chooses his own son as the new emperor –Commodus – unfit to rule –End of the Pax Romana ©2012, TESCCC

The Height of the Roman Empire Empire stretched from Asia Minor to the Danube and Rhine Rivers to Great Britain Roman governors –Enforced Roman law and settled provincial disputes. ©2012, TESCCC

The Height of the Roman Empire Roman Prosperity –New roads, drained swamps, irrigation systems for the deserts. Roman Citizenship –By 212 AD, virtually all free people in the Empire became Roman citizens. ©2012, TESCCC