1. 7.3: Caesar and The Emperors

2. Julius Caesar *Nephew of Gaius Marius *Becoming a very popular Roman general *Powerful public speaker *Spent great amounts of money on the poor of Rome

4. First Triumvirate 60 B.C. Caesar, Pompey, Crassus Triumvirate – “rule of three” Caesar last to become a consul in 59 B.C.

5. First Triumvirate Caesar needs a loyal army Obtains special command in Gaul – Present day France Gaul now under Roman control – Romans impressed Caesar builds army and makes $$$

6. First Triumvirate Crassus killed in battle Pompey made sole consul in 52 B.C. Ordered Caesar home without his army Jealous of Caesar’s fame

7. First Triumvirate Caesar refused and returned to Rome with his army Declared war on the republic Pompey fled to Greece Caesar defeated Pompey and followed him to Egypt

8. First Triumvirate Pompey’s head given to Caesar Placed Cleopatra on the Egyptian throne 46 B.C. returned home a hero Named “Dictator for Life” 2 years later by the senate

10. Pompey Caesar Crassus

11. Caesar’s March on Rome

12. Caesar’s Military Campaigns

14. The Rule of Caesar *Gave the poor food and his soldiers land. *Caesar increased size of Senate to 900 -Reduced the power of the senate -Wanted to be elected dictator for life. -Upset many Senators

15. Conspiracy to kill Caesar *Many senators formed a conspiracy to kill Caesar -Feared Caesar’s ambition and popularity -Felt he must be stopped

16. The Assassins *Gaius Cassius and Marcus Brutus -2 members of the conspiracy -Senators and friends of Caesar *March 15, 44 B.C. – -Caesar stabbed to death in the Senate -Ides of March

18. Rome in Chaos *Octavian: Caesar’s grandnephew -Chosen to be his heir *Creates a struggle for power

19. The Second Triumvirate *Octavian: *Marc Antony: -general and ally of Caesar *Lepidus

20. Power Struggle *Antony took part of the army -moved to Egypt to join with Cleopatra *Octavian forced out Lepidus and ruled Italy

21. The Division of Rome *Marc Antony – took eastern Rome *Octavian – took western Rome

22. The Power Struggle Ends *Octavian convinced Roman senate to declare war on Antony *Octavian captured Alexandria *Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide

23. Octavian: The First Augustus “First Citizen” – avoid Julius’ fate Took the name Augustus “The Sacred One” Caesar Augustus First Roman emperor: Never called himself emperor

24. Octavian: First Augustus Won over the poor through food, fresh water and games. Greatly expanded empire West: Spain, East: Syria, South: Egypt, North: Rhine/Danube rivers

25. Octavian: First Augustus Pax Romana – Roman peace Began with the Reign of Augustus Offered the people peace and stability Price for peace: Reduction of senate power

26. Age of Pax Romana Emperors Julio-Claudian Emperors Relatives of Julius Caesar Tiberius: 14 – 37 AD Good ruler but unpopular with the people Caligula:37 – 41 AD Brutal and insane, literally Eventually murdered

27. Julio-Claudian Emperors Claudius: 41 – 54 AD intelligent gimp Inexperienced at first Good administer Conquered Britain Poisoned by wife - Agrippina Put her Son Nero in power

28. Julio-Claudian Emperors Nero : 54 – 68 A.D. Also insane and brutal Blamed for Great Fire of Rome Had his mother Agrippina murdered Killed himself instead of being murdered by the Senate. Last Julio-Claudian Emperor

29. Five Good Emperors Hadrian: 117 – 138 A.D. Romanized Provinces Built forts and boundaries along frontier Ex: Hadrian’s Wall in Britain Marcus Aurelius: 161 – 180 A.D. last of 5 Good Emperors Preferred to Study Stoic philosophy over war Forced to Defend empire against invaders