1. Rome: Republic
SSWH3: The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of classical Mediterranean societies from 700BCE to 400 CE
Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire
c. Analyze the contributions of Hellenistic and roman culture; include law, gender, and science

2. Rome Geography
Italy
Tiber River
The Alps
Mediterranean

3. Early Republic Latin & Etruscan immigrants est. Rome in 1000 BCE
Initially kings ruled
Built Forum
Open air; center of public life (gov’t, law, business)
Citizens drive out last king
Declare gov’t a democratic republic
Citizens vote for leaders
Citizens were free-born men

4. Social Classes in Rome Patricians Plebeians Wealthy Owned land
Made laws
Plebeians
Artisans, farmers, commoners/everybody else (majority)
Could vote
Could not hold office

5. Rebellion & Government Changes
Plebeians rebel
Patricians give them more power
Plebeian Accomplishments:
Tribune – elected representative who protect the rights of plebeians from unfair patrician officials
Twelve Tables – written law code (all free citizens had a right to the protection of the law)

6. Government Consul – 2 Senate – 300 Assemblies – Lots Dictator – 1
Rule army, directed gov’t
1 year term, veto power
Senate – 300
Legislative (made laws)
Assemblies – Lots
Voice of people
Dictator – 1
Absolute power
Consuls choose
6 month term during times of crisis

7. Rise & Fall of the Roman Empire
SSWH3 The student will examine the political, philosophical, and cultural interaction of Classical Mediterranean societies from 700 BCE to 400 CE.
a. Compare the origins and structure of the Greek polis, the Roman Republic, and the Roman Empire.
b. Identify the ideas and impact of important individuals; include Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle and describe the diffusion of Greek culture by Aristotle’s pupil Alexander the Great and the impact of Julius and Augustus Caesar.
e. Analyze the factors that led to the collapse of the Western Roman Empire.

8. Collapse of the Republic
Why does the republic collapse?
Large size of territory
Economic Turmoil
Gap between rich & poor
Rich land owners lived on estates & used slave labor
Small farmers couldn’t compete  sell land  homeless
Military Upheaval
Generals take power & pay poor to work as soldiers
Soldiers loyal to generals instead of Republic

9. Julius Caesar Military genius Consul for 1 year Conquers Gaul (France)
People & troops love him
Pompey (political rival) jealous
Caesar marches to Rome w/ his army
Pompey flees & is later defeated
44 B.C.E. declares himself dictator for life

10. Caesar’s Reforms Expanded Senate Increased pay for soldiers
Started colonies
Created jobs
Citizenship
Photo: Brutus & Cassius plot Caesar’s assassination in the Roman Forum

11. After Julius Caesar’s Death…
Civil war breaks out
Triumvirate (rule of three):
Octavian (Caesar’s grandson)
Mark Antony (general)
Lepidus (politician)
Triumvirate fight with each other for power: Octavian is victorious

12. Octavian & Empire
Becomes “Augustus” – exalted one; Rome’s first emperor
27 B.C.E. – 180 C.E. “Pax Romana” = Roman peace
Set up a civil service –
paid workers to manage
gov’t affairs

13. “Pax Romana” Ends 180 C.E. after Marcus Aurelius
Rulers cannot handle Empire’s size

14. Century of Crisis
Foreign invasion  trade affected  inflation (rising prices)
Soil over-farmed  famine
Military not loyal Mercenaries (foreign soldiers who were paid)  no loyalty to Rome

15. Emperors Try Reform Diocletian 248 C.E. Constantine 330 C.E.
Limits freedom
Doubles military
Controls inflation
Divides the Empire:
East – spoke Greek
West – spoke Latin
Constantine 330 C.E.
Moves capital to Byzantine (East)
Names capital after self – Constantinople
Ends persecution of Christians in empire

16. Eastern & Western Roman Empire

17. West Collapses Why? Invasions: Huns invade Germanic homelands
Germanic tribes move south
Sack and overtake Rome
Last Roman emperor ousted by the Germanic tribes in 476 A.D.

18. Eastern Empire Survives
Byzantine (Byzantium)
Preserves Greek/Roman culture
Lasts until 1453 when Ottoman Turks take over

19. The Spread of Christianity