1. The Ancient Romans The Path of Roman Conquest

2. City-State Rivalry Rome became more powerful and began a rivalry (fighting) with _____________, a wealthy Phoenician city-state in northern Africa, for control of trade in the Mediterranean Sea. Carthage

3. Phoenician Enemies Rome fought three wars with Carthage called the ________________- from Punicus, the Roman word for Phoenician. Punic Wars

4. First Punic War During the First Punic War, (264 B.C.-241 B.C.), Rome gained control of ________. Rome sent a governor to oversee its first ____________, or self-governing region. Sicily province

5. Second Punic War In the Second Punic War, (218 B.C.-201 B.C.), the Carthaginian general Hannibal led soldiers and war elephants over the high, snow-covered Alps into the Italian Peninsula. He won many battles, but the Romans would not give up. They defeated Hannibal in 202 B.C. at the Battle of Zama.

6. Under Roman Control The Romans forced conquered peoples to pay ________ and many were taken as _________. Some Roman plebeians lost their jobs because the slaves replaced them as free labor. plebeians slaves taxesslaves

7. Results of the Punic War _______________ arose between the Romans who were rich and those who were poor. Conflicts

8. Struggle for Power Leaders struggled for power which led to a series of _______________. For three years a dictator named _______ had control until 79B.C. Then leadership returned to the consuls. civil wars Sulla

9. Beyond the Italian Peninsula A leader named _______ __________ was elected consul in 60 BC. He and his army were popular with the Roman citizens. Caesar showed he was a strong leader, and he was made ______________________ Julius Caesar Dictator

10. Julius Caesar As a dictator, (he ruled for 10 years), he changed the Senate so that it better represented the people. He created new jobs and gave citizenship to more people, including those from the provinces, and issued decrees that helped the poor.

11. A Conspiracy Some senators worried that Caesar was planning to become a king. They plotted to kill Caesar. Caesar was killed by a small group of senators on March 15, 44 B.C., a day known as _____________________on the Roman calendar. His death led to a time of unrest in Rome. Ides of March

12. After Julius Caesar Marcus Antonius, a general in the Roman army, became Rome’s new leader. Then Octavian, a relative of Caesar, challenged his right to rule.

13. The Triumvirate In 43 B.C., Octavian, Antony, and another general named Lepidus agreed to form a _________________________, or group of three rulers who share power. These three leaders struggled with on another for power, and civil wars broke out.

14. Antony and Cleopatra When Caesar had conquered Egypt, he allowed Cleopatra to stay in power. Antony met with Egypt’s queen and formed an alliance against Octavian. In 31 B.C., Octavian’s forces defeated Antony and Cleopatra in a famous sea battle near Actium in Greece. Both Antony and ________________ died within a few days of their defeat. Octavian became the ruler of all Roman lands. Cleopatra

15. The First Emperor In 27 B.C., the Roman Senate gave Octavian the title _____________, which means “respected one” or “holy one”. Augustus

16. The End of the Republic Augustus was Rome’s first emperor, but he never used this title. Instead, he adopted the title princeps, meaning “first citizen”. The Roman Republic ended when Augustus’s rule began.