1. The Roman Empire

2. The Gracchus Brothers Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus attempt reform.
Tiberius (133 B.C.E.) limited the amount of public land senators could use & moved landless citizens to countryside.
123 B.C.E.-Gaius elected tribune. He tried to increase the power of the Assembly of Tribes and he used public funds to buy grain for the poor.

3. Marius and Sulla
Gaius Marius was a military hero who also attempted reform.
He traded a professional army for a draftee army.
Lucius Cornelius Sulla was a consul who showed what ambitious generals could do.
He kicked Marius out of power which led to civil war.

4. The First Triumvirate
Julius Caesar, a nephew of Marius, was gaining popularity during this period.
He realized that he had gained enemies in the Senate and teamed up with the generals Pompey and Crassus in 60 B.C.E.
They would be known as the first triumvirate and Caesar would become consul in 59 B.C.E.

5. Julius Caesar
Crassus
Pompey

6. Caesar in Power Caesar as proconsul (Roman governor) of Gaul.
Pompey persuaded the Senate to order Caesar home without his army in 49 B.C.E. [Caesar refused]
Pompey and followers fled and Caesar assumed control
What did he do next?
Named dictator in 46 B.C.E. and dictator for life in 44 B.C.E. just before he was assassinated.

7. The Second Triumvirate
Caesar named his grand-nephew, Octavian, as his heir but there was a scramble for power.
Marc Anthony and Lepidus took control with Octavian and formed the second triumvirate in 43 B.C.E.
Marc Anthony would fell in love with Cleopatra and go to Egypt while Octavian would force Lepidus to retire.

8. Octavian
Marc Anthony
Lepidus

9. Octavian: the First Augustus
Anthony and Octavian divided the Empire but in time Octavian would persuade the Senate to declare war on Anthony and Cleopatra. Octavian defeated their forces in 31 B.C.E.
Octavian wanted to avoid Caesar’s fate, so he was very careful with the Senate.
The Senate appointed him sole ruler, but he carefully preserved the outward appearance of the Republic.

10. Octavian is generally referred to as the first Roman emperor even though he never used the title.
Under his rule Rome’s territory stretched from Spain in the west to Syria in the east and from the Rhine and Danube rivers in the north to Egypt and the Sahara in the south.

12. The Julian Emperors
Tiberius (14 C.E.-37 C.E.) was the adopted son of Augustus and was an adequate ruler.
His successor, Caligula, was murdered while Claudius was an intelligent man who administered the Empire well.
Nero (54 C.E.-68 C.E.) was hated because of his cruel and unpredictable policies and would commit suicide.

13. Tiberius
Caligula
Nero
Claudius

14. The Good Emperors
A number of emperors supported by the army would rule before Nerva came to power.
Trajan (98-117) would extend Rome to its greatest size.
Hadrian supported the arts and proved to be an able ruler.
The reign of Antoninus Pius was uneventful.
Marcus Aurelius, the last good emperor, reigned from

15. Nerva
Hadrian
Trajan
Antoninus Pius
Marcus Aurelius