2. Roman Reformers 1) Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus – Blamed the wealthy for the problems of Rome – Wanted the Senate to take land from the latifundia and return to the poor. – Tiberius murdered by Senators in 133B.C., Gaius 12 year later – What does the Murder of the Gracchus brothers tell us about Roman government at that time? 2) Marius 107 B.C.(military leader, Consul) – Made it so the landless poor could serve in the army=professional soldiers – Soldiers now loyal to the general who hired them, not the Republic 3) Sulla 82B.C. – Marched on Rome to drive out enemies. – Named himself dictator, stepped down after 3 years – Reduced power of tribunes and increased senators responsibilities – Tried to return the Republic to its glory of old.

3. 4/28/15 Topic: Julius Caesar (PAGES 323 – 325, Ch11.3) Essential Question: How did Julius Caesar rise to power in Rome? Questions: The Rise of Julius Caesar Use the following to complete the handout.

4. Julius Caesar was a general who was part of the triumvirate who ruled Rome. (triumvirate – three rulers who share equal power). Julius Caesar ruled in Gaul (modern France) until the Senate told him to come back to Rome because they felt he was becoming too powerful. He refused to go back to Rome, he felt he might be imprisoned, then he crossed the Rubicon River and started a civil war. Caesar Takes Power He took over as dictator of Rome in 44 BC declaring himself dictator for life. He appointed people to the Senate who supported him. Caesar helped create jobs for the unemployed and passed new reforms to help make himself popular. He introduced the Julian Calendar which influenced the calendar we still use today. Topic: Julius Caesar Questions: 4/28/2015 Essential Question: How did Julius Caesar rise to power in Rome?

5. Caesar Takes Power He took over as dictator of Rome in 44 BC declaring himself dictator for life. He appointed people to the Senate who supported him. Caesar helped create jobs for the unemployed and passed new reforms to help make himself popular. He introduced the Julian Calendar which influenced the calendar we still use today. Caesar’s death Even though many people loved Caesar, his opponents planned his death. He was killed when he entered the Senate on March 15, 44 BC His best friend Brutus also participated in the plot to kill him Topic: Julius Caesar Questions: Video (10 min): http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1u7Hu6G83nE Caesar: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6WSlKdmKRw Essential Question: How did Julius Caesar rise to power in Rome? 4/28/2015

6. Antony and Cleopatra (pages 326-327) 1.What did Octavian accuse Antony and Cleopatra of? 2.How did this impact Antony and Cleopatra? 3.What was the effect of Antony and Cleopatra’s actions? Octavian – a New Direction (page 327) 4.Who was Cicero? 5.What type of government did Cicero support? 6.How did Octavian feel about a republican government? 7.What type of government did Octavian feel that Rome needed? Topic: From Republic to Empire Essential Question : How did Rome become an empire? Questions: Answer these in full sentences! 4/28/2015

7. Antony and Cleopatra (pages 326-327) 1.What did Octavian accuse Antony and Cleopatra of? – Plotting aginst Rome 2.How did this impact Antony and Cleopatra? – They went to war and MarK Antony was defeated. Commit suicide 3.What was the effect of Antony and Cleopatra’s actions? – Octavian becomes soul ruler of Rome! Octavian – a New Direction (page 327) 4.Who was Cicero? – A well known political speaker, leader and writer. 5.What type of government did Cicero support? – A republic- representative 6.How did Octavian feel about a republican government? – That a Republic is too weak to solve Rome's problems 7.What type of government did Octavian feel that Rome needed? – Rome needed a strong Leader in the Government- Emporer Topic: From Republic to Empire Essential Question : How did Rome become an empire? Questions: Answer these in full sentences! ANSWERS!! 4/28/2015

8. The Rule of Augustus (pages 327-328) Augustus Caesar’s Accomplishments (page 328-330) Topic: Augustus Caesar 14 BC – 14 AD (Ch11.4) Questions: Essential Question : How did Rome become an empire? 4/28/2015

9. The Rule of Augustus (pages 327-328) Octavian takes the title Augustus (which means “majestic one”) after he became Rome’s first emperor. The Pax Romana (Roman Peace) started under Augustus Caesar and lasted about 200 years. Augustus Caesar’s Accomplishments (page 328-330) 1.Rome’s Borders – used physical features such as rivers, deserts, mountains, and oceans to keep the boarders. They also used soldiers. 2.Praetorian Guard – special military force of 9,000 men who protected the emperor. 3.Buildings – He rebuilt many buildings out of marble to show the greatness of Rome. Topic: Augustus Caesar 14 BC – 14 AD (Ch11.4) Questions: Essential Question : How did Rome become an empire? 4/28/2015

10. Augustus Caesar’s Accomplishments (page 328-330) 1.Rome’s Borders – used physical features such as rivers, deserts, mountains, and oceans to keep the boarders. They also used soldiers. 2.Praetorian Guard – special military force of 9,000 men who protected the emperor. 3.Buildings – He rebuilt many buildings out of marble to show the greatness of Rome. 4.Government – He put proconsuls (governors) over each province (like a state) to help run the government more smoothly. 5.Taxes – He got rid of corruption by hiring people to be tax collectors and paying them regular wages. 6.Legal System – Allowed rights to non-citizens and eventually allowed them to become citizens so that the laws applied to everyone. 7.Preserving the Empire – he gave free grain to the poor to help prevent the people from becoming unhappy and revolting. Topic: Augustus Caesar 14 BC – 14 AD Questions: Essential Question : How did Rome become an empire? 4/28/2015

11. 4.Government – He put proconsuls (governors) over each province (like a state) to help run the government more smoothly. 5.Taxes – He got rid of corruption by hiring people to be tax collectors and paying them regular wages. 6.Legal System – Allowed rights to non-citizens and eventually allowed them to become citizens so that the laws applied to everyone. 7.Preserving the Empire – he gave free grain to the poor to help prevent the people from becoming unhappy and revolting. Reflection Questions: 1.What do you think of the reforms Augustus Caesar made? 2.Do you think other later Roman rulers will follow his example? Topic: Augustus Caesar 14 BC – 14 AD Questions: Essential Question : How did Rome become an empire? 4/28/2015