Bell Ringer  Grab your text-book  Define the word Culture  Look at our school as a culture List traits that are part of our schools culture Food/eating, customs, languages, traditions, accepted behaviors, fashion, etc.  Identify at least three geographic factors that have contributed to growth of West Point

Island

Chapter 3 Population And Culture

Chapter Outline  Monday/Tuesday Section 1  Wednesday/Thursday Section 2  Project/Activity on Friday  Start Chapter 4 Monday  Monday/Tuesday Do Chapter 4 Test Next Thursday: 3 and 4

Chapter 3 Activity Project  Project Due the day of the Ch.s 3 &4 Tests  2 Choices Either grab two sheets of colored paper to create this project -Or- Create this on a word document later but use scratch paper now  You will then create concept maps that answers the four questions under the reading focus on page 87

Population and Culture  Culture Beliefs and actions that define a group of people’s way of life.  Population Density Average number of people in a square mile or km

People & Environments  People have always adapted to their surrounding environments  Have allowed people to survive in areas that could have been hostile earlier. Example from colder regions?  Where heavier clothing, store food for winter, etc.  Remember the Arizona example from movement in Ch.1? What made people able to move to Arizona from ?  Refrigerated cars, and air conditioning

People and Environment  People have also changed the earth’s physical landscape How has the physical landscape around West Point Changed?  Plowing lands, grazing animals, cutting trees, and damming/changing river patterns.

Population Density  Easiest Way Divide total Population by regions total land area Problems?  Could be areas that are hostile (hard to live in) Solutions  Geographers then divide population by arable land, instead of total land Arable land= land that can be farmed

Population Growth  Technology has increased the ability to increase food production, and healthcare  Effects of Population Growth (2 outlooks)  Optimistic As population increases, the level of technology and creativity will increase.  Pessimistic(negative) As population increases so will famine, disease, and natural resources depletion

Comparing Growth Rates  World Growth Rate is very uneven  Birthrate Number of live births each year, per 1,000 people  Death rate Number of deaths each year per 1,000 people

Uneven Growth Rate  Different Balances in Birth and death rates  Immigration/Emigration numbers also affect the growth rate of a country  Immigration People moving into a country  Emigration People leaving the country

Growth Rate  Zero population growth BR + Immigration = DR + Emigration Happens in many industrialized nations  Increasing Population Growth BR + Immigration exceeds DR + Emigration Happens in many developing countries, because of high BR and lower DR due to technology

Patterns of Settlement  Densest Concentrations of people Lie in East Asia, South Asia, Europe, and eastern N. America  Metropolitan Areas Central Cities surrounded by suburbs  Rural Countryside  Urbanization Growth of city populations  Cities growing twice as fast as rural

Lesson Closing:Answer  Questions to captions on pg 88 & 90 Answer in notes  Have Ready to start tomorrow  Work on Sect. 1 G.R.R.

Bell Work  Answer questions in notes to 88/90 captions  Why are the densest concentrations of people in urban areas?  Why is urbanization a problem in many countries?  Most Densely populated areas? N.East U.S., W. Europe, India, East Asia  By 2015, how many urban areas will have more than 14 million inhabitants Fifteen urban areas

Nature of Culture  Culture is reflected in 2 ways Objects and Ideas (Material/Non-material)  Material Culture Things made: food, clothing, buildings, arts, crafts, and technology  Non-Material Culture Religions, language, spiritual beliefs, and behavior patterns. Class/gender roles, gov’t systems, etc

Nature of Culture  Culture Hearths Places where important ideas begin and from which they spread to surrounding cultures  Usually refers to ancient times SW Asia is a cultural hearth for the taming and herding of animals and crop growing

Culture Hearth What would be the Cultural Hearth of the Olympics and organized athletics?  Greece What would be the cultural Hearth of Football?  Rugby in UK

Nature of Culture  Language Cornerstone of culture All cultures have language and use it as tool to pass on knowledge/beliefs to other generations Reflects a cultures identity  Same language can often mean similar customs. Many societies/cultures speak different languages

Nature of Culture  Religion Helps people answer basic questions about meaning/purpose of life Supports values that culture/society deem important Monotheistic/Polytheistic two types

Nature of Culture  Cultural Landscapes Uniqueness of these that reflect specific cultures caused by  Cultures use of natural resources  Cultures altering of earths surface  Example: Rural areas in U.S. & China U.S. filled w/ big barns/open fields China filled w/ flooded paddy fields, use of hand- held tools

Nature of Culture  Social Organization Every culture organizes its members into smaller units. Meant to help people of a culture work together to meet basic needs Value can depend on culture Family = most important

Social Organization Value by culture example Social Class  Can be based on money, occupation, ancestry, etc.  Why does the U.S. have so many immigrants? Social Class is more based on education and hard work over ancestry or money Those values make it easier to move b.t. classes

Nature of Culture  Women and Minorities Many cultures do have restrictions on social mobility Most restrictions are imposed on what?  Women, and ethnic/religious minorities Majority Groups often use economic measures to discriminate  I.E. jobs, land, preferences, etc.

Review  Most important of the cultural elements Language  Family is the most important of these? Social Organizations  Place where important Ideas begin and spread Cultural Hearth  Humans using natural resources, and changing physical landscapes leads to? Varying Cultural Landscapes

Cultural Change  Changed by both internal and external influences  New discoveries, ideas, technology can bring change  Change is usually related to either new technology or new ideas on doing something

Cultural Change  Cultural Convergence Occurs when skills, arts, ideas, habits, and institutions of one culture come in contact with those of another Examples  Hit song in U.S. can quickly become popular around the world  Mexican food’s popularity in U.S.

Cultural Change  Diffusion Process by which a cultural element is transmitted across some distance from one group/individual to another. Often occurs because of what?  Migration/Immigration Example  E. & W. hemispheres come in contact with one another. (Europeans and Native Americans) Europeans take the ideas of growing corn, beans, and potatoes back to their cultures

Cultural Change  Some cultures limit cultural contact and spreading of ideas  Why? B/c they are repressive and are seeking ways to control people  Cultural Divergence Restriction of a culture from outside cultural influences Example: Fall of Communism cause?  May have been ability of their culture to see the ideas of freedom and rights of other cultures

Lesson Closing  Complete Skills for life on page 99  Finish any of Section 1 G.R.R.

Bell Work: Wednesday  Get out Section 1 Quiz and complete it to best of knowledge Quietly  Work on Sect. 1 Guided Reading Review

Chapter 3 Section 2 Political and Economic Systems

Worlds Countries  Every country has four common characteristics Clearly defined territories Population Sovereignty Government

Worlds Countries  Territory Includes land, water, and natural resources w/in boundaries Can be determined in two major ways  Naturally (rivers, mountain)  Politically (treaties, wars, etc.) Natural resources more important than size  Oil, coal, iron, etc. can make a country wealthier than size may imply

Population  How/Why is population density important? The size of a country doesn’t reflect its population Some countries (Canada/Russia) have large areas and only concentrations in certain places What countries could be examples of small areas but big populations  Can have both a wide variety of people/cultures as well as similar  Citizens (people of a population) are assured protection by paying? Taxes

Sovereignty  Sovereignty Nations freedom from outside control.  Sovereign nations est. own policies  Sovereignty allows a country to: Act independently Deal equally w/other sovereign countries Protect territory and citizens

Lesson Closing:Project Activity  Get with 12 o’clock partner and read about one of the assigned gov’t structures and authority types and fill in the chart.  When instructed then go around and Give 1 Take 1 With other students until yours is complete!

Bell Work  Finish any of chart yourself, then answer captions on pages on worksheets somewhere

Types of Government  Government Classified according to basis and structure The institution a society uses to make/enforce its public policies and provide common needs. Common needs  Keeping order  Protecting society  Providing services

Government Structures  Classified according to the relationship b.t. the smaller units and the central government  3 Main Types Unitary Federation Confederation

Unitary System  One Central Gov’t Runs nation  Central Gov’t makes laws for entire nation Local gov’t only has powers given them by central gov’t  Examples Great Britain Japan

Federation  Some powers are given to nat’l gov’t; others reserved for local  U.S is a federation  Many articles in constitution outline powers held by federal/state powers

Confederation  Smaller political units keep power, with limited powers to central  Separate states keep powers to retain own identities but to also come together to cooperate in common concerns  Example? Confederate States during 1860s Civil War era

Government Authority  Another way to classify a government  5 Main types  Authoritarian Leaders hold all/nearly all political power  Dictatroship Most common form of Authoritarian today Power is concentrated in a small group or single person Usually use military force or political terror to gain/keep power

Totalitarianism  Most extreme form of dictatorship  Government tries to control every aspect of society Politics Economy Personal Lives  Examples? Germany under Hitler Soviet Union under Stalin

Monarchy  Historically most common Authoritarian  Monarchs--Kings, queens, pharoahs inherit position by birth into ruling family  Past---- ruled w/ dictorial power  Today: Constitutional Monarchies Power rests with elected lawmaking body Monarch serves as symbol

Democracies  People choose leaders  Have power to set policies  Eligible citizens have the right to choose representatives who make laws  Examples: U.S.-- Russia post communism Germany/China post WWII

Economic Systems  Attempts to answer 3 basic questions What (and how many) goods/services will be produced How will these products be produced? How will the products and wealth gained from their sale be distributed?

Types of Economies  Traditional Economy Often in rural/less developed Families produce goods/services for their own use w/little surplus and exchange of goods

Types of Economies  Market Individuals/groups decide  what will be produced.  How much will be produced  Prices charged charged for goods/services Influenced by law of supply and demand  Supply up/demand down = lower prices set  Supply down/demand up= higher prices set Little Government Regulations

Types of Economies  Command Economy Controlled by single, central government All decisions made by government leaders  How much to produce  Where to produce them  How much to charge (prices) Often made to achieve social/political goals

Economic Systems  Mixed Economy Mix of traditional, market, command Government controls some, private controls other aspects

Lesson Closing  Answer questions to captions on pages  Work on Chapter 3 Projects (Web concepts)  Work on Chapter 3 G.R.R.’s