Aqueous Solutions A. Solution – mixture that is evenly distributed. Homogenous. 1. Solute – (chunky stuff) Material getting dissolved. (sugar) 2. Solvent – Material doing the dissolving. (water) B.pH 1. Acids – Substance that forms H + when dissolved in water. 2. Base – Substance that reacts with the H + thus reducing the free concentration of the hydrogen ion

Aqueous Solutions Acids pH lower than 7 Forms H + Turns lithmus pink Tends to taste sour Corrosive to metals Examples: HCl HNO 3 H 2 SO 4 HC 2 H 3 O 2 Bases pH higher than 7 Reduces H +, form OH - Turns lithmus blue Tends to taste bitter Tents to feel slippery Corrosive Examples: NaOH Ca(OH) 2 Mg(OH) 2

3. pH Scale Chart that measures the amount of H + 4.Buffers – Substances that can act as either an acid or base. Very important in living things by maintaining a stable pH environment close to 7. Ex: Sodium Bicarbonate

Biomolecules: Carbohydrates Carbohydrates End in the suffix “ose” Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen ratio 1:2:1 Used as a short-term energy source and the main component of the cell wall of plants Monosaccharide – single, simple sugar General formula – (CH 2 O) Most Common – Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Fructose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Galactose(C 6 H 12 O 6 )

Carbon Disaccharide (two monomers) Most common: Sucrose (glucose/fructose) Maltose (glucose/glucose) Lactose (glucose/galactose) Polysaccaride (three or more monomers) Most common: Starch (glucose in straight chains) Glycogen (glucose in branches) Cellulose (glucose in linked chains) Chitin

Biomolecules: Lipids Lipids: Fats, oils and waxes Large, water-hating molecules Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen. Made of many carbons (12 to 28) and hydrogens and only 1-2 oxygens. Play many roles in the cell: Long term storage for animal cells Water barrier for plants, water-fowl Main component in membranes Hormones and chemical messenger Fatty Acid is the single, starting unit Hydrophilic: “water-loving” Hydrophobic: “water-hating”

Biomolecules : Lipids 3.Types of Lipids: a. Triglyceride – animal fat b. Phospholipids – membranes c. Waxes – repels water d. Steroids - Hormones

Biomolecules: Proteins Protein or polypeptide: Composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen Proteins are the workers of the cell:  Carry materials across the membrane.  Move organelles and materials within the cell.  Help reactions occur through enxyme  Hold cells together in multicellular organisms  Almost anything that needs to be done, will be done with a protein.

Biomolecules: Proteins The Amino Acid is the monomer in the polypeptide chain. There are 20 different amino acids DNA determines the sequence of amino acids

Biomolecules: Proteins Proteins have to fold in a certain way so that it functions correctly.

Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids: Biomolecules made of Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen and Phosphorus Function: Information storage Cell’s energy currency Monomer is called a Nucleotide.

Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids Nucleic Acids: Bases DNA RNA ATP Adenine Thymine Cytosine Guanine Adenine Uracil Cytosine Guanine Adenine