1. Biochemistry : Structure & Function of Macromolecules

3. Anatomy Physiology Cell Biology Biochemistry

5. I. Carbon A) Essential to life B) Cells are mostly carbon molecules & water C) Basic building block 1) Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, DNA D) Can form very large molecules

10. II. Synthesis and digestion A) Macromolecules - very large molecules B) Polymers - many (repeating) units 1) Made-up of Monomers - single units

11. II. Synthesis and digestion C) Dehydration synthesis - builds 1) Bonds monomers together, releasing water. D) Digestion - breakdown 1) AKA: hydrolysis (water breaking) 2) Adds water to broken ends

13. III. CARBOHYDRATES

15. III. Carbohydrates A) Monosaccharides 1) One sugar unit- molecular formula of CH 2 O 2) Glucose - C 6 H 12 O 6; Fructose - C 6 H 12 O 6 B) Main fuel for cellular work C) Disaccharides - two sugar units

20. III. Carbohydrates D) Polysaccharides 1) Many sugar units 2) Starch: Energy storage in plants 3) Glycogen: Energy storage in animals 4) Cellulose: Structural molecule in plant cell walls

21. IV. LIPIDS

23. IV. Lipids A) Hydrophobic: Water- hating tail B) Hydrophilic: Water-loving head C) Fats and steroids

24. IV. Lipids D) Glycerol molecule and 3 fatty acids; AKA: Triglyceride E) Cushion; insulate; long-term energy storage F) Saturated - no double bonds- all possible H G) Unsaturated- double bonds - fewer H atoms

25. IV. Lipids H) Steroids- Hydrophobic; Form 4 fused rings I) Steroids are made from cholesterol 1) Turn into sex hormones: a) Estrogen; Testosterone 2) Component of cell membranes

26. V. PROTEINS

28. V. Proteins A) Composed of an amino group, a carboxyl group, and a side chain

29. V. Proteins B) Amino acids linked by peptide bonds; forming a polypeptide (aka protein)

30. V. Proteins C) Primary structure 1) Is the order of the amino acids 2) 20 different amino acids found in all living creatures 3) Change can cause disease a) Sickle cell anemia

32. V. Proteins D) Secondary and tertiary structure 1) Twisting & folding; bonding between different parts; 3-D shape of the protein

33. V. Proteins E) Quaternary structure 1)Interaction between more than one polypeptide

37. V. Proteins F) Enzymes: 1) Kind of protein catalysts 2) Enzymes lower the energy required for a chemical reaction in the body to occur 3) Enzymes themselves are not used up in the reaction; thus, one enzyme can be used multiple times

40. VI. NUCLEIC ACIDS

42. VI. Nucleic acids A) Nucleic acids are recipes for proteins (blueprints for making things in the body). B) Two types 1) DNA - DeoxyriboNucleic Acid 2) RNA - RiboNucleic Acid

43. VI. Nucleic acids C) Made of: Sugars, Phosphates, & Nitrogenous Bases 1) Bases: Adenine – A; Cytosine – C; Guanine – G; Thymine - T; Uracil – U D) Dehydration synthesis makes the polymer. E) Digestion breaks down the polymer.