1. Chemistry In Anatomy

2. Atoms, Elements, and Compounds

3. Matter All living things are made of matter
Matter has mass and takes up space
Atoms are the building blocks of matter

4. What do we call different types of atoms?
Elements
A substance that can’t be broken down into simpler chemical substances

5. The Structure of the Atom
Nucleus
Protons and Neutrons
Electron Clouds or orbitals
Electrons

6. The Nucleus The Atomic Number of an atom = the number of protons
The Atomic Mass =The number of protons + the number of neutrons

7. The Periodic Table Atomic Mass Organizes all of the known elements
Atomic Number
Oxygen 8
Atomic Mass
15.999

8. The major element’s of living organisms
Page 31 in your book
C, H, O, N make up 90% of the human body.

9. How are atoms structured?
Nucleus = protons and neutrons.
Orbitals/electron cloud = electrons
The number of protons = the atomic number
The number or electrons = the atomic number.

10. Compounds Elements can combine to form compounds
A pure substance made of 2 or more different elements combined
Examples:
Water = H2O
Carbon dioxide = CO2
Glucose = C6H12O6

11. Acids, Bases, and pH
acid—a substance that donates hydrogen ions, H+, to form hydronium ions, H3O+, when dissolved in water.
-taste sour
-turn blue litmus paper red
-corrode metal
-conduct electricity when dissolved in water

12. Bases a substance that either contains hydroxide
ions, OH-, or reacts with water to form
hydroxide ions.
-bitter taste
-slippery
-conduct electricity
-turns red litmus paper blue
-very dangerous if not dilute

13. Measuring acids and bases
pH—a measure of the hydronium ion concentration in a solution
enzymes in your body work in a narrow pH range
an abnormal pH is a sign of health problems

14. pH Values range from 0-14 -neutral solutions are 7 -acids 0-7
-bases 7-14

15. The Building Blocks of Life
Macromolecules

16. Basic Biochemistry Terminology
Monomer = single unit which makes up a larger molecule
Polymer = Long chain of repeating monomers

17. The Four Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acids
Proteins

18. Carbohydrates Monomer = monosaccharide (glucose)
Polymer = polysaccharide
Quick energy source for production of ATP
Source = breads, pasta, sweets.
Complex or Simple

19. Carbohydrates Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
1:2:1 ratio of elements
Carbohydrates are sugars
Used for Energy
Cellulose – Plant walls
Chitin – Insect shells, fungus bodies
1. Monosaccharide – fructose & glucose
2. Disaccharide – two monosaccahrides bonded – sucrose
3. Polysaccharide – many monosaccahrides bonded – starch, glycogen, cellulose

20. Lipids Monomer = triglyceride Polymer = steroid, phospholipid
Lipids used for long term energy storage
Steroids = chemical messenger
Phospholipid =cell membrane

21. Lipids Composed of Carbon and hydrogen Waxes, Fats and oils
Nonpolar - Insoluble in water
Used for energy storage, insulation, and protective coverings
Major component of membranes surrounding cells called a phospholipid
Steroids – cholesterol and hormones

22. Nucleic Acids
Complex macromolecule that stores cellular information in the form of a code.
Composed of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and hydrogen
Polymer made of smaller units called nucleotides
Nucleotides contain a nitrogen base, a sugar, and a phosphate group
2 types
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic Acid
RNA – Ribonucleic Acid

23. Proteins Monomer = amino acids Polymer = polypeptide
Main component of most tissues and cells in the body
Source = meats, dairy, peanuts, soy

24. Proteins Essential to all life – the primary building block of life
Large complex polymer composed of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur
Amino Acids are the building blocks
20 common amino acids
2nd major component of cell membranes

25. Reactions between biomolecules
Synthesis reaction – formation of bond between monomers stores energy (ie. Dehydration synthesis)
Decomposition reaction – breaking of bond releases stored energy (ie. Hydrolysis)

26. Types of energy Kinetic – energy of motion
Potential – energy which is stored/has not yet been applied
In the body, potential energy is stored as glucose molecule
Kinetic energy is when that glucose molecule is used to form ATP, and perform work in the cell

27. Calories/Kilocalories
Measure of the amount of energy in a food
Can be used by the body to perform work
If not used, is stored by the body as glycogen, or eventually fat

28. Enzymes – Special Proteins
Chemical reactions require specific temperature and environmental requirements that are often not found in the human body
An enzyme enables molecules called substrates, to undergo a chemical change to form a new substance

29. Enzymes Features
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions but do not take place in the reaction and are not changed by the reaction.
Do not make a reaction occur that would not occur on its own
Enzymes are reusable
Enzymes are specific to their substrate

30. Energy of Reactions
Activation Energy – the minimum amount of energy needed to cause a reaction to happen
Enzymes lower the activation energy of many reactions that take place in the body

31. Types of Enzymes Amylase – Breaks down sugars
Catalase – breaks down hydrogen peroxide in the blood and in cells
DNA polymerase – helps to make copies of DNA
Lactase – Breaks down lactose (milk sugars) in the digestive tract

32. The Lock and Key Mechanism of Enzymes

33. Factors such as pH, temperature, and other substances affect enzyme activity

36. Carbohydrates What: Sugars Elements: C, H, O
3 classes: Monosaccharides
Ex.) Glucose, fructose
Disaccharides
Ex.) Sucrose
Polysaccharides
Ex.) Cellulose, starch
Function: Energy

37. Nucleic Acids What they do: Store and transmit genetic information.
Elements: C, N, O, P, H
Subunit: Nucleotide
Nitrogen base
Sugar
Phosphate group
Ex.) DNA & RNA

38. Lipids What: Waxes, Fats, Oils Elements: C, H
Function: Stores energy, protective layers, insulation
1st major component of cell membranes
Examples: Hormones, cholesterol.

39. Proteins Essential to all life. Made up of amino acids.
Elements: C, H, O, N and sometimes S
Function: Building block of life
2nd major component of cell membranes
Example: enzymes

40. Diffusion
random movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration resulting in an even distribution.

43. Dynamic Equilibrium
result of diffusion where there is continuous movement of particles but no overall change in concentration.