1. 1) Properties of Water Water is a polar covalent solvent
Oxygen end is slightly negative
Hydrogen ends are slightly positive

2. Hydrogen Bonding
Polarity of water allows attraction between other water molecules
Hydrogen bond - attraction between hydrogen and another highly electronegative atom (FON)
Weaker than covalent or ionic bonds
Water is unique in that one molecule can form up to 4 hydrogen bonds.

3. Properties of Water
Cohesion: attraction between 2 molecules of same substance
Adhesion: attraction between 2 different molecules
-Capillary action - forces between molecules cause water levels to rise against gravity (One way plants draw water from their roots).

4. Solutions and Suspensions
Solution: Type of mixture with components evenly distributed.
Solute: What is dissolved.
Solvent: Substance which solute is dissolved in (usually water).
Like dissolves like!
Suspension: Mixture in which material will not dissolve

5. Acids, Bases, and pH Water can ionize: H2O  H+ + OH-
pH Scales measures the concentration of Hydrogen and Hydroxide ions in solution.
Ranges from 0 to 14
pH of 7 is neutral (H+ = OH-)
pH less than 7 is considered acidic (H+ > OH-)
pH greater than 7 is called basic (H+ < OH-)
Each value on the pH scale is a a factor of 10!
pH of 3 vs. pH of 5, the pH of 3 has 100 times more hydrogen ions!

6. pH Scale

7. Acids and Bases Acids are compounds that produce H+ ions in solutions.
Bases are compounds that produce OH- in solution.
*Buffers are weak acids or bases that can react with strong acids/bases to prevent sharp changes in pH.

8. 2) Organic Compounds
Organic Chemistry refers to the study of carbon compounds.
1) Carbon atoms have 4 valence electrons, and can form 4 individual covalent bonds.
2) Carbon can bond with itself (single, double or triple covalently), creating the possibility of huge chains.
Polymerization - the formation of large molecules from smaller components.

9. 4 Major Organic Components of Life
1) Carbohydrates:
Contain C, H, O in a ratio of 1:2:1.
Main source of energy.
Short and long term storage
Name ends in -ose

10. 1) Carbohydrates Monosaccharides: single molecule sugars
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Chemical Formula C6H12O6
Disaccharides: double sugars
Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose

11. How do macromolecules form?
Dehydration synthesis!
Through a reaction of two molecules and energy, water is produced.
The reverse is known
as Hydolysis

12. Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides: 3 or more simple sugars bonded together.
A) Starch main form of energy storage for plants.
B) Glycogen (Animal starch) form of storage in animals.
C) Cellulose chains of glucose formed in plants for support structures.
D) Chitin is a polysaccharide that makes up exoskeletons of many insects.

13. 2) Lipids - oils, fats, waxes
Contain C, H, O (H:O ratio is greater than 2:1 so lots of Hydrogen!)
Used for long term energy storage (fat tissue)
Make up cell membranes

14. Lipids
Lipids are usually formed through the dehydration synthesis of a glycerol molecule and 3 chains of fatty acids.

15. Lipids
Saturated is a term that refers to a lipid containing only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms in the fatty acid tails
Unsaturated means that there are one or more double bonds between carbons in the tails of the lipid.

16. 3) Nucleic Acids The molecules of heredity!
Contain Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon and Phosphorus.
Individual monomers are known as nucleotides.
Nucleotides have 3 parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

17. Nucleic Acids
There are two possible pentose sugars in a nucleic acid: Ribose and Deoxyribose.
DNA has deoxyribose
RNA has ribose

18. 4) Protein
The R groups have varying properties: some are acidic, basic, polar, or nonpolar in nature.
Proteins have a diverse role in biology.
Some are for transport (COPI, COPII, actin, myosin)
Structure (muscle, bones)
Regulation of cellular activities (cell cycle)

19. Protein Organization 4 levels of organization
Primary = individual sequence of amino acids in a protein.
Secondary = Hydrogen bonding causes folds and twists in between AA (-helix,  pleated sheets).
Tertiary = 3-dimensional folding occurs within the chain.
Quaternary = Multiple chains can fold on each other (Hemoglobin).

20. 4) Protein Proteins contain Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen.
Building block of protein is called an Amino Acid
AA contain an amino group (-NH2)
Also contain and carboxyl group (-COOH)
20 different amino acids, each differ only in their side chain (R group).