1. Unit 4: The chemistry of life
Macromolecules
Unit 4: The chemistry of life
NCSCOS 2.01
TSWBAT
Compare and contrast the structure and functions of the following organic molecules: carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids

2. Organic Molecules
Organic molecules are the chemicals of life, compounds composed of more than one type of element, that are found in, and produced by, living organisms.
The feature that distinguishes an organic from inorganic molecule is that organic contain carbon- hydrogen bonds, whereas inorganic molecules do not.
The four major classes of organic molecules include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids.

3. Carbohydrates = sugars
Monomer of a carbohydrate = Monosaccharide
Primary energy source inside cells; “quick” energy
Ex: Glucose ( C6H12O6)

4. Complex sugars Disaccharide = two or simple sugars bonded together
Ex: maltose, sucrose

5. Even more complex sugars
Polysaccharides = long chains of monosaccharides linked together
Primarily used for energy storage
Cellulose and chitin are used for structural support

6. Functions of polysaccharides
Starch: stores energy in plants
Plants make glucose (monomer) during photosynthesis, and the glucose molecules join together to form starch
Cellulose: structural support in plants
Compose cell wall
Glycogen: stores energy in animals
Chitin : composes the exoskeletons of insects and makes up cell walls of fungi

8. Lipids = fats, oils, waxes
Make up cell membranes
Long term energy molecules
Monomers= Fatty acids and glycerol

9. Lipids = fats, oils, waxes
This large fat molecule is called a triglyceride
It is a saturated fat

10. Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fats
The difference is the whether or not single or double bonds exist in the fatty acid chain

11. Concentration fatty acids

12. Function and Examples Fats
Insulation, Cushion, Long-term energy storage
Phospholipids
Make up cell membrane
Steroids
Chemical Messengers (hormones, cholesterol)

13. Cholesterol is another example of a lipid
Cholesterol is another example of a lipid. Other lipids include some hormones such as testosterone, and estrogen
cholesterol
Estrogen
Testosterone

14. Proteins
Varied functions include: provide raw materials for cell structure, assist in transport, catalyze chemical reactions
Polymer: Polypeptide/Protein
Monomer: Amino Acids

15. Peptide bonds link amino acids to build polypeptides
A peptide bond holds the two amino acids together to form a polypeptide chain

16. Polypeptides

17. Examples of Proteins
Enzymes: speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy
Insulin: hormone that controls the level of glucose in the blood
Hemoglobin: protein molecule in red blood cells that transports oxygen from the lungs to all the cells of the body

18. Enzymes are special proteins
They help speed up chemical reactions = catalysts
Each kind of enzyme will help only one chemical reaction occur
Starch (amylose)
amylase
maltose

19. Nucleic Acids Polymer: Nucleic Acid Monomer: Nucleotide Ex: DNA, RNA
Nucleotide has three parts
Sugar
Nitrogen Base
Phosphate Group

20. Examples DNA: stores hereditary information
RNA: Transmits hereditary information

21. DNA Structure
The order and the sequence of the N- bases is the genetic code.
Weak Hydrogen (H) bonds between the N- bases hold the double helix together
The shape of the DNA polymer is called a double helix