1. Biological Molecules “Molecules of Life”
Biomolecules
Biological Molecules
“Molecules of Life”

2. Also called Organic molecules

3. Biological Molecules
Biological molecules are large molecules found in all living things

4. 4 Types of Biomolecules 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins
4. Nucleic Acids

5. CHNOPS These molecules are made of the elements: Carbon Hydrogen
Nitrogen
Oxygen
Phosphorus
Sulfur
All these molecules contain the element Carbon

6. All living things contain Carbon

7. Carbohydrates
A fancy way of saying sugar!

8. Functions
1. Short-term energy storage

9. 2. Gives organisms Shape/Structure:
Example1: Exoskeleton of crabs and beetles
Example: 2 Cellulose: plant cell walls

10. Examples: Carbs are in plants!
Glucose = sugar in plants
Fructose = in fruit
Lactose = in milk
Sucrose = table sugar
Words for sugars end in “ose”

11. The subunit of a carbohydrate is a Monosaccharide
Mono = 1 Saccharide = sugar Monosaccharide = 1 sugar molecule

12. Disaccharide = 2 sugars

13. Starches are polysaccharides
Polysaccharide = many sugars

14. More names for Carbohydrates

15. Structure
Carbohydrates are ring-shaped molecules

16. Elements The elements that bond to make carbohydrates are: Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen

17. Lipids= Fats Long term energy storage Common names= fat, oil
Function
Long term energy storage
Common names= fat, oil
Elements= C,H,O

18. Lipid facts Large , organic molecules Won’t dissolve in water
Fats store more energy than carbs because they have many carbon-hydrogen bonds
Can be “saturated” or “unsaturated"

19. Saturated and Unsaturated fats
Saturated= solid at room temperature,
Raise “bad” (LDL) cholesterol levels
Ex= animal products, coconut
Unsaturated=liquid at room temperature,
Raise “good” (HDL) cholesterol
Ex= olive oil, avocado, almonds

20. More Examples Lard Steroids: examples Cholesterol & testosterone
Waxes (like earwax!)
Phospholipids: these make up your cell membrane

21. Phospholipids

22. Lipids
Subunit= fatty Acids
Shape= chains

23. Proteins 2 Main Functions 1. Form structures, like muscle
2.Act as Enzymes, which speed chemical reactions
Elements= C,H,O,N,S
Examples= Meat, muscle, enzymes

24. Proteins’ subunit is amino acids
Proteins are one of the most diverse biomolecules, having lots of different shapes
They are composed of 20 different types of amino acids
Amino acids have an amino group (-NH3) and a carboxyl group (-COOH)

25. More Functions of Proteins
Control rates of reactions & regulate cell processes
Form bones & muscles
Transport substances in & out of cells
Help fight disease.

26. ENZYMES are Proteins!
Enzymes are important proteins that speed up the chemical reactions in your body
Because they help these reactions happen, they are called catalysts
Ex. The enzyme amylase helps break down carbohydrates into sugar when you chew

27. How Enzymes Work
Every reaction needs energy to get started; this is called activation energy
Enzymes decrease the amount of energy needed to get these reactions going
Different reactions in your body need different enzymes
Without the correct enzyme available, your body cannot function properly

28. Enzyme Action
How well enzymes work depend on 3 criteria: temperature, pH & concentration
Temperature: enzymes in your body work best at normal body temperature
2. pH: Different enzymes work best at different pH levels
3. Concentration: in general, the higher the concentration, the better the enzyme will work at speeding up the reaction.

29. pH Scale

31. Nucleic Acids Elements: CHNOP
Functions: Store and transmit genetic information
2 Kinds to remember
DNA= deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA=
ribonucleic acid

32. Nucleic acids- shape & subunit
Shape of DNA= double helix
Shape of RNA= single strand
Subunit= nucleotide
3 parts:
Sugar
Phosphate
Nitrogen-containing base
DNA has 4 Types of bases= A,T,C,G (adenine, thymine, cytosine & guanine)

33. Compare DNA and RNA DNA structure= double helix
RNA structure= single strand