Section I: The Industrial Revolution Begins (Pages ) This section is about: This section is about: The beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the 1700 ’ s, it ’ s effects on the textile industry, and the development of steam power. The beginning of the Industrial Revolution in the 1700 ’ s, it ’ s effects on the textile industry, and the development of steam power. How industrialization affected people ’ s lives and resulted in new economic theories. How industrialization affected people ’ s lives and resulted in new economic theories.

We’re going back a little in time – to the early 1700’s – so we can see what caused the changes in this chapter. We’re going back a little in time – to the early 1700’s – so we can see what caused the changes in this chapter. Look on pages 504 and 505. There’s a different type of picture than we’ve seen so far. Look on pages 504 and 505. There’s a different type of picture than we’ve seen so far. If you look on the timeline on the bottom, what’s a “common theme?” If you look on the timeline on the bottom, what’s a “common theme?” We should also look at the paragraph on page 504. We should also look at the paragraph on page 504.

The Industrial Revolution Begins We have another revolution taking place. We have another revolution taking place. Is it a coincidence that it ’ s the same time as the other revolutions? Is it a coincidence that it ’ s the same time as the other revolutions? Maybe we can tell by looking at the “ Main Ideas ” on page 506. Maybe we can tell by looking at the “ Main Ideas ” on page 506. One more thing – look at the “ Active Reading ” on the very top right of page 506. One more thing – look at the “ Active Reading ” on the very top right of page 506.

Before Industrialization in Great Britain “ The Industrial Revolution ” is the term used to describe the HUGE changes in lives in the early 1700 ’ s. “ The Industrial Revolution ” is the term used to describe the HUGE changes in lives in the early 1700 ’ s. It involves changing production from hand tools to machines. It involves changing production from hand tools to machines. It involves people changing from working out of their homes to working in factories. It involves people changing from working out of their homes to working in factories.

Early Industry Early Industry Before the Industrial Revolution, power was created by people, animals, water, and wind. Before the Industrial Revolution, power was created by people, animals, water, and wind. The I.R. ’ s use of steam and electricity changed that. The I.R. ’ s use of steam and electricity changed that. Before industrial times, people usually made products, made their own clothes, and grew their own food, all at home and by hand (there were some cloth/textile mills). Before industrial times, people usually made products, made their own clothes, and grew their own food, all at home and by hand (there were some cloth/textile mills). Most methods of power hadn ’ t changes in years. Most methods of power hadn ’ t changes in years. Water wheel: 5 horsepower / a windmill: 10 horsepower (if windy). Water wheel: 5 horsepower / a windmill: 10 horsepower (if windy). Transportation and travel were also slow – adding to cost and dangers of trade. Transportation and travel were also slow – adding to cost and dangers of trade. Capital could be tied up for a long time. Capital could be tied up for a long time. The money used in business and making more money

Developments Towards Industrialization The I.R. began in Great Britain in the 1700 ’ s –for several reasons. The I.R. began in Great Britain in the 1700 ’ s –for several reasons. 1. After the Glorious Revolution – politics and peace were more stable. 2. New farming tools and methods emerged: crop rotation, seed drills, plows. 3. Landowners were able to secure more land and bigger farms with fences and enclosures, (fences) which…………. Changing what you plant in the same place each year

Advantages for Great Britain Led to more efficient farming – more food with fewer workers. Led to more efficient farming – more food with fewer workers. The ex-farmers were available to do other things (and Britain had a population explosion – 50%+). The ex-farmers were available to do other things (and Britain had a population explosion – 50%+). Britain also had good rivers and ports for trade. Britain also had good rivers and ports for trade. And, in the 1700 ’ s, Britain had a world empire (including colonies in the Americas). And, in the 1700 ’ s, Britain had a world empire (including colonies in the Americas). This would mean more markets to sell goods. This would mean more markets to sell goods.

The Textile Industry / The Demand for Cotton This was the first step of the I.R. (England: experts at making cloth from wool for centuries). This was the first step of the I.R. (England: experts at making cloth from wool for centuries). Cotton had been England's biggest trade product with Asia and India. Cotton had been England's biggest trade product with Asia and India. Cotton was more popular than wool (texture/ability to put designs on the fabric, wouldn ’ t shrink, accepted dyes better). Cotton was more popular than wool (texture/ability to put designs on the fabric, wouldn ’ t shrink, accepted dyes better). People in Europe wanted cotton so bad, the people in the other textile industries were worried it would take over (France banned cotton imports). People in Europe wanted cotton so bad, the people in the other textile industries were worried it would take over (France banned cotton imports). England was okay with the cotton trade – and India made it cheaper/better than anyone else. England was okay with the cotton trade – and India made it cheaper/better than anyone else. (The process of making cloth and clothes)

Toward More Rapid Production In Britain at first, the had cottage industries with an “ assembly line ” of cottages producing finished goods. In Britain at first, the had cottage industries with an “ assembly line ” of cottages producing finished goods. It took about 60 years (and some inventions) to figure out they needed to speed up the process. It took about 60 years (and some inventions) to figure out they needed to speed up the process. ………. ……….

John Kay (1733): invented the flying shuttle machine, so one person (not 2) could now operated a loom. John Kay (1733): invented the flying shuttle machine, so one person (not 2) could now operated a loom. James Hargreaves (1764): invented the spinning jenny, so more threads could be spun at one time (doubled production). James Hargreaves (1764): invented the spinning jenny, so more threads could be spun at one time (doubled production). Richard Arkwright (1769): designed a water powered spinning machine (the water frame) that made thread twice as strong. But his machine was too big to be practical in someone ’ s home. Richard Arkwright (1769): designed a water powered spinning machine (the water frame) that made thread twice as strong. But his machine was too big to be practical in someone ’ s home. Arkwright began a factory system to spin thread and weave cloth. Arkwright began a factory system to spin thread and weave cloth. One more problem was solved by Eli Whitney (1793): separating the seeds from the raw cotton with a “ cotton gin. ” It was cheap and easy to operate and increased the production of raw cotton by 5000%. One more problem was solved by Eli Whitney (1793): separating the seeds from the raw cotton with a “ cotton gin. ” It was cheap and easy to operate and increased the production of raw cotton by 5000%. By 1830, cotton was more than half of Britain ’ s total exports (and they were competing with India). By 1830, cotton was more than half of Britain ’ s total exports (and they were competing with India). The mass production of goods in a central location Developed the ideas for the textile industry/revolution in England

The Development of Steam Power Building Better Steam Engines Britain also had a big supply of natural resources – like iron and coal. Britain also had a big supply of natural resources – like iron and coal. They had used up a lot of their wood and needed coal for heat and for smelting iron (separating the iron from the ore). They had used up a lot of their wood and needed coal for heat and for smelting iron (separating the iron from the ore). Deeper mining became important – and pumping out water that flooded their mines. Deeper mining became important – and pumping out water that flooded their mines. In 1765, an improvement was made to basic steam power (by James Watt and Matthew Boulton). In 1765, an improvement was made to basic steam power (by James Watt and Matthew Boulton). Steam power would now replace water power and factories didn ’ t need to built near water sources any more. Steam power would now replace water power and factories didn ’ t need to built near water sources any more. The machine age had begun. The machine age had begun.

A Revolution in Transportation In 1807, Robert Fulton showed steam power could be used to power a riverboat (his first usable steamboat was “ the Clermont ” ). In 1807, Robert Fulton showed steam power could be used to power a riverboat (his first usable steamboat was “ the Clermont ” ). This cut downstream travel in half – and made upstream travel possible. This cut downstream travel in half – and made upstream travel possible. Another steam powered transportation advance: the locomotive. Another steam powered transportation advance: the locomotive. In 1825: George Stephenson (British) created the first railroad locomotive. In 1829, “ The Rocket ” traveled 16 M.P.H.. In 1825: George Stephenson (British) created the first railroad locomotive. In 1829, “ The Rocket ” traveled 16 M.P.H.. In 1830: “ the Tom Thumb ” was the first U.S. built locomotive. In 1830: “ the Tom Thumb ” was the first U.S. built locomotive. People soon realized railroads could go almost anywhere, and were faster than steamboats, and business could be done faster and cheaper. People soon realized railroads could go almost anywhere, and were faster than steamboats, and business could be done faster and cheaper.

Consequences of Industrialization All this does sound great, but… this shift from hand labor to machine labor does have some hardships, tensions, and conflicts. All this does sound great, but… this shift from hand labor to machine labor does have some hardships, tensions, and conflicts.

The Impact of Industrialization on Everyday Life One problem: working in the mills was tough – for owners: there was money to be made. One problem: working in the mills was tough – for owners: there was money to be made. Fourteen hour days were common/normal. Fourteen hour days were common/normal. Workers had bad job conditions and couldn ’ t do much about them. Workers had bad job conditions and couldn ’ t do much about them. Wages were very low. Wages were very low. There were few attempts at regulating jobs/conditions. There were few attempts at regulating jobs/conditions. Children often worked… and… Children often worked… and… Another impact: new urban, industrial cities/centers started to develop (in northern England - near the mines). Another impact: new urban, industrial cities/centers started to develop (in northern England - near the mines). Housing became unplanned and crowded (entire families in a single room). Housing became unplanned and crowded (entire families in a single room). Water supplies were polluted. Water supplies were polluted. Food was scarce. Food was scarce. Public health and safety was real bad. Public health and safety was real bad. Crime and diseases were constant threat. Crime and diseases were constant threat.