The New Imperialism (1800–1914) U.S. Cartoon, 1882, “The Devilfish in Egyptian Waters” by John Bull Gibralter Cape Colony Cyprus (Island off coast of Turkey) Ireland Jamaica Canada India Egypt Malta (island off coast of Sicily) Boersland (Zulu) “The sun never sets on the British Empire.” 1905 GB largest most powerful in world history

New Imperialism Define Imperialism: Examples: 1 New Imperialism Define Imperialism: Examples: “New Imperialism” = By the 1800s, Europeans, by their new economic and military strength, aggressively expanded their empires and influenced the lives of the people of these conquered lands. Imperialism: Stronger nations (subjugation) taking over weaker nations and dominating the political, social and economic life of the weaker countries. Difference between old (age of exploration, colonies first established, European power limited) vs. new = Industrial Revolution. Nationalism, powerful, strong European nations

Causes of Imperialism POLITICAL & MILITARY INTERESTS 1 POLITICAL & MILITARY INTERESTS ECONOMIC INTERESTS SOCIAL INTERESTS Gold paid for the Glory and God made it right. Economic rivalry for future needs: Cheap raw materials/natural resources New markets to sell goods to Investment profits (to reduce risk of investment, politicians protected businessmen/ventures by providing military control and protection) Political Strategic locations/shortcut to another colony Naval bases Nationalism = empire a measure of national greatness – whoever collects the most = greatest Social White Man’s Burden – belief in European superiority Social Darwinism = racism (belief that one race is superior to others) Charles Darwin’s survival of the fittest /theory of evolution twisted to mean non-Europeans lower scale of cultural dev. due to no scientific or techn. Rev. Cecil Rhodes believed in such. Missionaries – job to convert peoples of Asia, Africa and Pacific Islands to Christianity. Jingoism = extreme, belligerent nationalist: from song sung in English Pub “we don’t want to fight but by jingo if we do we have ships, men and money too!” Technological Maxim machine gun Medical advances against malaria

The Successes of Imperialism 1 The Successes of Imperialism Western imperialism succeeded for a number of reasons: 1. 2. 3. While European nations had grown stronger in the 1800s, several older civilizations were in decline. Europeans had the advantages of strong economies, well-organized governments, and powerful armies and navies, superior technology and medical knowledge. Steam engine – easily travel on rivers to establish bases of control Maxim machine gun by 1884 = 500 rounds per minute = 100 rifles Used energy of each bullet’s recoil force to eject the spent cartridge and insert the next bullet. (Hiram Maxim born Maine 1840) rec’d English knighthood/ Malaria – mosquitoes in Africa’s interior. 1829 drug quinine protected Europeans from becoming infected with this disease "Neither imperialism nor colonialism is a simple act of accumulation and acquisition… Out of imperialism, notions about culture were classified, reinforced, criticised or rejected." Culture and Imperialism, Edward W. Said.

Forms of Imperial Rule COLONIES PROTECTORATES SPHERES OF INFLUENCE 1 Forms of Imperial Rule COLONIES PROTECTORATES SPHERES OF INFLUENCE Colony – country governed internally by a foreign power (Somaliland in East Africa was a French colony) Protectorate – country with its own internal gov but under control of outside power (Britain’s protectorate over Niger River delta and Suez Canal) Sphere of Influence – area that controlling nation claims exclusive investment and trading privileges (Latin America and Liberia under U.S.) Economic – independent country controlled by private business interests vs. other gov. (Dole Fruit company controlled pineapple trade in Hawaii) Direct: British in India foreign officials brought in to rule No self rule Racist and Paternalistic (treating people as children) attitude viewing natives as unable to handle the complex business of running a country Goal – assimilation/adoption of European culture but mostly regarded natives as inferior to European culture Indirect: (British Niger Royal Co. in Nigeria for palm oil) used for candles, soap and lubricating machines Local gov officials used Limited self-rule Goal – to develop future leaders Colonial rule forced population to work in mines/planations Change from barter to $ economy Natives treated as second class citizens in their own country Methods of Managing: 1. Direct 2. Indirect

Assessment 1 The European belief that conquest was a way of improving the human species was an example of a) colonization. b) imperialism. c) Social Darwinism. d) nationalism. The United States claimed Latin America as a) its colony. b) its sphere of influence. c) its protectorate. d) part of its territory. Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Africa - Geography Rivers Climate Tropical Rain Forest Savana Nile Congo Niger Climate Deserts Sahara Kalahari Sahel Tropical Rain Forest Savana Mediterranean 4x size of Europe = 700+ ethnic groups/diverse culture Nile in Egypt “gift of the Nile) Congo (Ziare) in Central Africa Niger in Western Africa Sahara world’s largest desert Desertification – land becomes desert = Sahel size of NY Kalahari – southern Africa – Bushmen live Always hot during day Less than 10” of rain per year Tropical Rain Forest – Congo, Central Africa 10% of Africa Savana =flat, dry grasslands in eastern Africa (Safari) Med. =Seasonal climate southern tip, good farmland Early man – Great Rift Valley 3.5 million years old

Religion 3.Jungle prevents spread of Islam 1. Animism - 2. Mansa Musa - Leader of Mali who brought Islam from Saudi Arabia to Timbuktu on Niger River Muslim take Islam into Spain until Battle of Tours w/Charles Martel Spanish Inquisition 3.Jungle prevents spread of Islam

History - Before Imperialism 2 West African Trading Kingdoms Early 1400-1800s: “Dark Continent” because it was unexplored By 1850, slave trade ENDED Missionaries A) Western African Trading Kingdoms (traded gold and slaves to Arabs for salt and horses) 1st Ghana 200-1200 2nd Mali 1200-1400 Mansa Musa Farming (yams/rice) Timbuktu major city Mandingoes Tribe (Roots) opposed the French for 16 years well armed 3rd Songhai 1400-1800 Zimbabwe – walled ruins in southern Africa 1400s – Portuguese seeking water route to Asia (1487 Diaz Cape of Good Hope & 1498 DaGama sailed to India) 1440s – Portuguese contact with Bantu tribe for trade African Slaves were POWs from tribal wars – demand for cheap labor in N. America caused increase in tribal wars to provide over 11 million slaves 1800 - Europeans were still hugely ignorant of the continent. Europeans had confined themselves to trading mainly along the coast. Inland the trade in slaves and commodities was handled by African and Arab merchants. D. Missionaries Dr. Livingston (GB) 1840-73 missionary/explorer mapped out E. and C. Africa and converted natives to Christianity; thought dead in 1868; Henry Stanley (AM) searched for and found him alive “Dr. Livingston I presume?” (1871)

Imperialism in Northern Africa 2 Imperialism in Northern Africa (Sahara Desert to Mediterranean Sea) 1. Why take over northern Africa? Seen as a short cut to Asia France builds Suez Canal To understand impact of European domination, must look at Africa in early 1800s before scramble for colonies began Strategic – Egypt and Suez Canal = 100 mile waterway cutting down travel time by a month Nigeria = British conquest of northern Nigeria accomplished by the Royal Niger Company who gained control of the palm oil trade along Niger River after Berlin Conference gave Britain a protectorate over the Niger River delta. Disregarding the Igbo, Hausa-Fulani and Yoruba tribes in the area

Why North Africa? England buys canal England takes over Egypt to protect Suez Canal England takes over Nile to protect Egypt War almost breaks out as France wants to stop England from taking it all 1875 England takes Egypt By 1873 Cecil Rhodes’ finances were sufficiently established through his involvements in the diamond fields as to fund his hoped for education and he travelled back to England to pursue studies at Oxford University's. An astute businessman. At one time he arranged for the largest capacity water pump in southern Africa to be hauled to Kimberly where it was used in keeping diamond workings open during the seasonal rains. In the dry season this pump was able to be used in the production of a scarce and desireable commodity - Ice Cream. Kimberly became De Beers Mining Company - his ultimate dream being `to paint the map (British) red' from `Cape to Cairo.' Diamond mine 700 feet deep, one mile wide Last will to further the interests of the British Empire he established the funding of 57 scholarships - now famous as the Rhodes Scholarships - as a practical way of attempting to meet such objective. Extremely racist: “Well bred Englishmen have obligation to improve society.”

A Scramble for Colonies 2 King Leopold II of Belgium sent explorers to the Congo River & arranged trade treaties with Africans King Leopold’s activities in the Congo set off a scramble among other European nations. At the Berlin Conference, European powers agreed on how to claim African territory without fighting. Led by Stanley’s exploration after finding Dr. Livingston. European powers partitioned almost the entire African continent.

1884 - Congress of Berlin The Partition of Africa 2 Carved up continent without knowing what they got – no Africans were invited to the conference Europeans take 95% of continent Continent’s rich mineral resources Congo = wealth in copper and tin and rubber exploitation. Armed Belgian soldiers drove people into forest to collect wild rubber. Those who refused were killed or mutilated. Victims hand taken as trophy to show commissioner. Hands counted to determine the soldiers had not wasted cartridges. S. Africa = gold and diamonds 1893-1889 = Ethiopia King Menelik II played Europeans against each other and built up large arsenal of modern weapons purchased from France and Russia to use against Italy. Liberia = Established by freed slaves from U.S. Name means free land. Descendants of African American settlers controlled the country until 1980 when naïve Africans revolted and regained political power.

Imperialism in Sub-Saharan Africa All land south of Sahara Desert Zimbabwe 1250-1400 Great Walled City in South Eastern Africa – traded with Arabs Man’s status was determined by # of cattle

Imperialism in Sub-Saharan Africa Dutch Boers first settle in Southern Africa Mediterranean climate Good farmland Use Africans as slave laborers Only part of Africa taken for colonization only Dutch settled in Cape Colony to refresch their fleets and collect goods for use in Java (East Indies) also allowed trade in Nagasaki (cloves and nutmeg very expensive!) Dutch were Calvin Protestants = predestination relied on Old Testement 1685 Louis XIV’s revokation of Edict of Nantes and French Protestants fled to Netherlands Congress of Vienna in 1815, the British gained control of South Africa. In 1833, the British officially outlawed slavery in South Africa. The Dutch Boers responded by embarking on their Great Trek to find a new place to live. By the 1850s, they had established two independent Boer states, Transvaal and the Orange Free State. The Boers and British lived separately and peacefully for the next decade. In 1866, gold and diamonds was discovered in Transvaal. This discovery sparked a surge in British immigration, and the British took control of the state in 1877. The Boers revolted in 1881 and regained control of their homeland. In the famous Battle of Majuba, the Boer army of farmers destroyed the world famous British army. This defeat followed the defeat of the British at the hands of the Zulus, the first time the a European army had fallen to an African army, and completely discredited the British as a fighting force. First use of concentration camps by British – rounded up Boer women and children to contain them from helping their men. Burnt all of their farms, disease rampant in camps. The British allowed Boers self gov. and never took action against their racial practices – all about the money! Afrikaner means an African speaking South African of European ancestry = nationalism (Afrikaans refers to Dutch language)

The Great Trek British take over southern Africa as a port on the way to India Boers move north from Cape Colony Before Suez Canal was owned by British

2 African Resistance The Zulus in southern Africa battle the Boers and the British. Shaka’s innovations: 1. 2. 3. Shaka 1816 – 1828 (rule)

1898 Boer War Boers discover diamonds and gold in new lands Boer War Dutch and British fight British win Boers allowed to control government Boers separate Africans with APARTHEID Government policy separating whites from non-whites South Africa had been completely colonized by European Powers because it made a convenient port to supply ships on their way to India. When the Europeans, led by the Dutch colonists, arrived in South Africa, they drove many of the native Africans from their homes. South African society was heavily divided between the Dutch colonists, known as Afrikaners, and the natives. In 1910, the British parliament passed the Act of Union that brought British and Afrikaner colonies together under the same government. Unfortunately, the new South African government was just as racially divided as the original. The South African parliament passed several bills to increase their power and to insure that whites would remain in power. that only a total segregation of the races would prevent eventual movements for equality and the subversion of white society by blacks. The HNP also stated that natives should be viewed as temporary residents in the cities and should occasionally be relocated back to rural areas. The HNP's segregationist platform, known as Apartheid, was successful Once the National Party got into power they began to imbed apartheid in South Africa's legal system so that it would be difficult to change. By providing a legal basis for preferential treatment of whites, the NP was able to secure its power for future elections. Over 350 apartheid laws were passed by the NP, among the most important ones: South African Act 1909 - Established the South African Union, consolidated the power in all-white parliament. Mines & Works Act 1911 & 1926 - Imposed a color ban on certain jobs, white people should have higher salaries than blacks at all times. Natives Land Acts 1913 & 1936 - Limited black people use of land to 13%. Natives (Urban Areas) Act 1923 - Established segregation in the cities, forced blacks to carry special papers at all times to be allowed to stay in the cities. Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act 1949 - Banned marriages between the races. Population Registration Act 1950 - Forced all South Africans to register as Black, White, Asian or Colored. Immortality Act 1950 - Banned sexual relations between people from different races. Bantu Education Act 1953 - Enforced racial segregation of schools.     As the list suggests, apartheid evolved through a steady accumulation of laws and amendments. The cumulative effect was to create a comprehensive and deeply entrenched system of racial discrimination in South Africa. Winston Churchill was 25 during Boer Wars – London Reporter. He stuttered and was at the bottom of his class. Tried to please his father He was traveling with British soldier when train ambushed by Boers. Pulled some wounded to safety; arrested by a Boer soldier (Louis Botha) he escaped fromS. African prison and hailed as a national hero at age 26

Apartheid in South Africa White minority gov controlled South Africa Separated Africans from whites No good jobs Could not vote Poor land Need passports to travel

Results of African Imperialism Civil Wars 1960 Nigeria independent Biafran Civil War Causes: Ethnic split three tribes forced to live within British controlled Nigeria Millions die as northern tribes are starved by blockades on Niger River Hausa-Fulani Yoruba Igbo Nigeria has about 250-300 ethnic groups as measured by self-identification or the presence of different languages. The Biafra war, the first and only civil war since independence, only can meaningfully be judged by also considering the events surrounding the first military coup of Nigeria's history. Before independence Nigeria never was a national, ethnic or economic entity. The British colonial masters never were influenced by such nation state necessities as their intentions were guided by other priorities. To prepare Nigeria for independence, the British dived Nigeria into three regions.  The Hausa-Fulani were dominant in the north, the Yoruba in the west and the Igbo in the east.  In this way each of the major ethnic groups would control its "home region."  At the same time the British determined that 52% of the delegates to the national legislature would come from the Northern Region as the price of getting northerners to support independence. The secession of the Biafran Republic meant that the entire Eastern Region, under Igbo leadership (or domination) seceded from the rest of Nigeria.  Over 30K Igbos died from violent pogroms and in fighting with Hausa and 1 million refugges fled to their Igbo homeland in the east. Three years later over 1 million civilians died in the fighting and from famine. Finally Biafra was reabsorbed into Nigeria

Results Continued Cash crops replace subsistence farming Coffee, banana plantations replace small farms Exploitation of natural resources Railroads, electricity, hospitals “White Man’s Burden” African’s forced to change their culture Gain independence after WWII

Assessment European missionaries urged Africans to 2 Assessment European missionaries urged Africans to reject their own traditions. strengthen their ties with the Muslim world. seek independence. attend the Berlin Conference. Which of the following African nations was able to preserve its independence? a) Congo b) Algeria c) Egypt d) Ethiopia Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.

Why prevalent in South Africa Poverty As AIDS continues to spread though much of Africa, the disease continues to wipe out the poor and the rich, and the young and the old, leaving behind destroyed families and few skilled workers which only adds to Africa's social instability. As the economic and political crisis in most of Africa's nations intensifies, unemployment skyrockets. When jobs are cut, women are usually the first ones fired. Without jobs women have no money, thus they have to look for other means of supporting their family. Since there are very few ways of for women to make money, many of them turn or are forced to turn to exchanging sex for money as a last resort. Procreation/Fertility : In Africa fertility is important and seen as demonstrating the masculinity and manliness of men, as well as proving the significance of women as good wives. Because procreation is highly valued in African society, both men and women are refusing to use condoms. Even though condoms are successful in preventing the spread of AIDS, they also prevent reproduction. Thus, many individuals are willing to risk contracting AIDS and have unprotected sex because fertility is so important to social status. Traditional healers vs. western medicine Many scientists are angered by Mbeki's desire to explore other possible causes of AIDS. They believe that the limited health resources available to South Africa should be utilized towards prevention and medical care, rather than questioning widely accepted medical theories. Mbeki has ignored these criticisms and actively pursued alternative theories. Bristol Meyers now launching AIDS research and implementation program in 5 subsaharan nations (co. manufactures three AIDS drugs)

European Challenges to the Muslim World 3 European Challenges to the Muslim World What were sources of stress in the Muslim world? What problems did the Ottoman empire face? How did Egypt seek to modernize? Why were European powers interested in Iran?

Assessment What happened when governments pushed to grow more cash crops for export? These countries had a surplus of food These countries had to import food to feed their populations. These countries became increasingly wealthy. These countries were able to produce adequate food in addition to the cash crops.

What Were Sources of Stress in the Muslim World? 3 By the 1700s, all three Muslim empires were in decline. In the 1700s and early 1800s, reform movements sprang up across the Muslim world. Most stressed religious piety and strict rules of behavior. The old Muslim empires faced western imperialism.

3 Ottoman Empire By the early 1800s, the Ottoman empire faced serious challenges. Ambitious pashas, or provincial rulers, had increased their power. As ideas of nationalism spread from Western Europe, internal revolts weakened the multiethnic Ottoman empire. European states sought to benefit from the weakening of the Ottoman empire by claiming lands under Ottoman control. Attempts at westernization by several Ottoman rulers increased tensions. Many officials objected to changes that were inspired by foreign cultures. A reform group called the Young Turks overthrew the sultan. Nationalist tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the Armenians, a Christian people in the eastern mountains of the empire.

Egypt Modernizes During his reign, Muhammad Ali: 3 Egypt Modernizes Called the “father of modern Egypt,” Muhammad Ali introduced political and economic reforms. Before he died in 1849, he had set Egypt on the road to becoming a major Middle Eastern power. During his reign, Muhammad Ali: improved tax collection and reorganized the landholding system backed large irrigation projects to increase farm output expanded cotton production and encouraged local industry, thereby increasing Egyptian participation in world trade brought in western military experts to modernize the army conquered Arabia, Syria, and Sudan

Iran 3 Russia wanted to protect its southern frontier and expand into Central Asia. Britain was concerned about protecting its interests in India. For a time, Russia and Britain each set up their own spheres of influence, Russia in the north and Britain in the south. The discovery of oil in the region in the early 1900s heightened foreign interest in the region. Russia and Britain persuaded the Iranian government to grant them concessions, or special economic rights given to foreign powers.

Section 3 Assessment The Suez Canal linked the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean. the Red Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. c) the Mediterranean Sea and Atlantic Ocean. d) the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea. Which nations set up spheres of influence in Iran? a) Britain and France b) France and the United States c) Britain and Russia d) Russia and Germany Want to connect to the World History link for this section? Click Here.