1. 9.3 European Claims in Muslim Regions
Discuss the locations of the colonial rule of such nations as England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Russia, Spain, Portugal, and the United States.
Discuss human rights violations and genocide, including the Ottoman government’s actions against Armenian citizens

2. Objective and Focus Question
How did European nations extend their power into Muslim regions of the world?

3. I. Stresses in Muslim Regions
By the 1700s, all of the Muslim empires in decline.
Ottomans in Middle East
Safavids in Iran
Mughals in India
Corruption were wide-spread.

4. II. Rise of Muslim Reform Movements
In northern Africa, Usman dan Fodio led the struggle to reform Muslim practices
In the Sudan, Muhammad Ahmad declared himself the Mahdi, a religious savior
In Arabia, the Wahhabi wanted to recapture purity and simplicity of Islam’s original teachings

5. III. Problems for the Ottoman Empire
Economic problems
corruption
Ethnic revolts.

6. IV. European Pressure Increases
As the Ottoman Empire crumbled, Russia seized the Dardanelles in order to gain access to the Mediterranean Sea.
Britain tried to stop Russia

7. Question Check
1. As the Ottoman empire crumbled, Russia plotted to seize the Bosporus and Dardanelles in order to
a. build a Berlin-to-Baghdad railway.
b. gain access to the Mediterranean Sea.
c. build a canal through Egypt.
d. gain control of the Red Sea.

8. Answer
b. gain access to the Mediterranean Sea.

9. V. Ottoman Efforts to Westernize
1. Young men were sent to the West to study, they Western political ideas about democracy and equality.
2. The reforms brought improved medical care and revitalized farming
3. Several of the sultans, or rulers, of the Ottoman Turkish Empire rejected the reforms because they threatened their power.

10. VI. Young Turks Demand Reform
1. In 1908, the Young Turks overthrew the sultan but were unable to achieve their reforms because of WWI in 1914.

11. VII. Armenian Genocide
The Muslim Turks accused Christian Armenians of supporting the Russian plans against the Ottoman empire.
3. Over 25 years, between 600,000 and 1.5 million Armenians were killed

12. VIII. Egypt Seeks to Modernize
A. Muhammad Ali Introduces Reforms
He is sometimes called the “father of modern Egypt”
2. He made economic and farming reforms
3. Ali built a well-trained, modern army.

13. IX. Building the Suez Canal
Ali successors were not as successful
Loans were taken out by Ali successors to build the Suez Canal.
They were unable to pay back the loans and Britain eventually gained control of the canal.
Egypt Became a British Protectorate

14. IV. Persia and the European Powers
Persia (Iran) faced several challenges in the 1800s.
It was an absolute monarch
Russian and Britain took over their oil fields
Persian nationalists were outraged and wanted them to leave

15. The End