1. The Road to World War I

2. Colonial Rivalries: Africa in 1914

3. Colonial Rivalries: Asia in 1914

4. The British Empire in 1914

5. The Balkans in 1878

6. Muhammad Ali “Father of Egypt”
Muhammad Ali introduced political and economic reforms.
Before he died in 1849, he had set Egypt on the road to becoming a major Middle Eastern power.

7. European Challenges Section 3, Chapter 25
OTTOMAN EMPIRE
EGYPT
IRAN
pashas, increased their power.
Internal revolts weakened the multiethnic Ottoman empire.
European states sought to benefit from the weakening empire by claiming lands under Ottoman control.
Westernization by Ottoman rulers increased tensions.
Young Turks overthrew the sultan.
Nationalist tensions triggered a brutal genocide of the Armenians, a Christian people in the eastern mountains of the empire.
During his reign, Muhammad Ali:
Improved tax collection
Reorganized the landholding system
Backed large
irrigation projects to increase farm output
Expanded cotton production and encouraged local industry, thereby increasing Egyptian participation in world trade
Russia wanted to protect its southern frontier and expand into Central Asia.
Britain was concerned about protecting its interests in India.
Russia and Britain each set up their own spheres of influence, Russia in the north and Britain in the south.
The discovery of oil in the region in the early 1900s heightened foreign interest in the region.
Russia and Britain persuaded the Iranian government to grant them concessions, or special economic rights given to foreign powers.
Ottoman Empire
EGYPT
IRAN

8. The Mediterranean and Red Seas.
CLOSURE
The Suez Canal linked what two bodies of water?
The Mediterranean and Red Seas.
Which nations set up spheres of influence in Iran?
Britain and Russia