1. EUROPEAN CLAIMS IN THE MUSLIM WORLD Chapter 12. 3

2. Some Background: So what is the Muslim World? Muslim Regions: Pre-New Imperialism  Extended from Western Africa to SE Asia  1500 CE: 3 giant Muslim empires ruled but declined by the 1700s  Ottomans in the Middle East Sit back. Relax and listen. Class notes start in a couple of slides…..

3. Safavids in Persia Mughals in India

4. Europeans’ Flex Some Muscle!  C. Rise of Reform Movements  D. European Imperialism  1. Through diplomacy and military threats, European power won treaties giving them favorable trading terms.  Also demanded special rights for Europeans residing in Muslim lands and would resort to intervening in local affairs.

5.  I. Problems for the Ottoman Empire  A. Nationalist Revolts Break Out: result in a weakened multiethnic empire  1. Peoples in North Africa, Eastern Europe, and the Middle East threatened to break away.  2. In the Balkans, Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, and Romanians gained their independence.  3. While rebellions are subdued in neighboring Arabia, Lebanon, and Armenia, Egypt slips out of Ottoman control. ff LECTURE NOTES START HERE!

6. Guess who’s drooling?!!!  B. Hungry New Imperialists Salivate – dream, plot, Scheme!!!  1. France – after seizing Algeria in the 1830s, looked forward to the crumbling of the Ottoman Empire.  2. Russia – wanted some action: resources and prestige  3. Britain saw Russia as a threat to its own power in the Mediterraean beyond to India.  4. Germany – in 1898, the empire hoped to increase its influence in the region by building a Berlin-to- Bagdad railway.

7. WHAT’S AN EMPIRE TO DO? C. Attempts to Modernize Prove Problematic

8. The unknown genocide… in the shadows of WW I  3. Resulting tensions triggered a brutal genocide of Armenians, a Christian people concentrated in the eastern mountains of the empire.  a. Genocide is the attempt to eliminate a racial, political, or cultural group.  b. Muslim Turks accused Christian Armenians of supporting Russian plans against the Ottoman Empire.  c. Estimates range from 600,000 to 1.5 Million dead

9. III. Egypt – free, not for long!!!  A. Muhammad Ali  1. Not the boxer but “the father of Modern Egypt”  2. Responsible for modernization via participation in world trade and the establishment of a modern Egypt.  3. After his death, successors fell prey to hungry imperialists.  B. Suez Canal

10. B. Suez Canal

11.  1. 1858: A French entrepreneur, Ferdinand de Lessesps, organized a company to build the Suez Canal.  2. 1875: Egypt was unable to repay loans it had contracted for the canal and other projects.  3. To pay for the debt, shares were sold to the British who were gain a controlling interest in the canal.

12. C. Becoming a British Protectorate  1. When Egyptian nationalists revolted against foreign influences in 1882, Britain made Egypt a protectorate.  2. In theory, the governor of Egypt was still an official leader.  3. In reality, the Egyptian leader followed policies dictated by Britain.

13. IV. Persia  A. Europeans were satisfied with establishing spheres of influence.  B. However, with the discovery of oil in the early 1900s, intensified interest.  C. Both Russia and Britain plotted for control of Persian oil fields and persuaded the government to grant concessions or special rights for foreign powers. Many nationalists were outraged by this.