10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris The usage of complimentary measurement data from national programmes and WGE for evaluation of pollution levels in Europe and model validation Ilia Ilyin, EMEP/MSC-E EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

Available monitoring data on Heavy Metals (HMs) and POPs “Traditional” EMEP monitoring data Concentrations in air Concentrations in precipitation & wet deposition fluxes “Complimentary” monitoring data Concentrations of HMs in mosses (WGE/ICP-Vegetation) Concentrations of POPs measured by passive samplers (national and international measurement campaigns ) Throughfall measurements Concentrations in waters, soils, vegetation …. EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

Measurement network of POPs in air and in precipitation Global scale Europe and Central Asia POP measurement sites Coverage is insufficient both and Europe and worldwide EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

Monitoring of POPs with passive samplers Spatial coverage of Global atmospheric passive sampling study (GAPS) RECETOX passive sampling network MONET sites EMEP sites Spatial coverage of MONET_CEEC network Sampling sites UNEP and EMEP monitoring strategies include passive sampling campaigns: UNEP GAPS global EMEP/CCC regional RECETOX regional MONET regional EMEP/CCC passive sampling campaign EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

Monitoring network in the Central and Eastern Europe (MONET_CEEC) Monitoring of POPs with passive samplers Monitoring network in the Central and Eastern Europe (MONET_CEEC) Available for 2006, 2007, 2008 More than 34 stations About 50 POPs incl. HCH, PAH, PCBs … Distinguished between - industrial - urban - suburban - rural - background Сказать благодарности тем, кто дал ПОПс данные Averaged modelled (ng/m3) and measured (ng/sample) air concentrations of PCB-153 EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris Monitoring of POPs with passive samplers Spatial distribution of PCB-153 air concentrations Rcorr Location Urban background 0.50 Suburban 0.86 Rural 0.12 Background 0.17 All together 0.63 EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

Conversion to air concentrations: sources of uncertainties Monitoring of POPs with passive samplers Conversion to air concentrations: sources of uncertainties Csample = Cair x ESR x t, ESR – Effective Sampling Rate t – exposure time Sources of uncertainties ESR for European sites (UNEP/GAPS data) ESR estimation Photodegradation during sampling Evaporation …… EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris CCC passive sampling campaign Wide spatial coverage PCBs, B[a]P … Year 2006 Measured values converted to ng/m3 - CCC passive samplers - EMEP POPs measurements EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris Comparison of modelled and measured by passive samplers concentrations in air of PCB-153 EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris Comparison of calculated concentrations with EMEP passive and active measurements PCB-153 in 2006 EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris Data on HM concentrations in mosses Moss data source: ICP-Vegetation of WGE Four pan-European moss surveys: 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2005/2006 Measured concentrations in mosses of: Pb, Cd, Hg, As, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, V, Zn, Al, Sb, N Up to 7000 individual values per metal per year EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris Heavy Metal concentrations in mosses Why moss data can be useful? EMEP monitoring stations (1990 - 2006) EMEP monitoring stations + moss measurements Peculiarities of measurements in mosses: wider spatial extension more detailed spatial resolution EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris Heavy Metal concentrations in mosses Preparation of moss and deposition data Moss data: Individual moss samples converted to EMEP grid-cell averaged values Data filtering: values outside (mean ± 3 σ) were not used in the comparison (about 2-3%) Deposition data: averaging over 3 year prior each survey Survey Period of deposition averaging 1990 1995 1992 – 1994 2000 1997 – 1999 2005/2006 2003 – 2005 Сказать, что согласовано с ICP-Veg EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris Heavy Metal concentrations in mosses Comparison of spatial variability Normalized measured concentrations in mosses, wet deposition and modelled total depositions (Pb, 2005) Measured Conc. in mosses Modelled deposition - Measured wet deposition EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris Heavy Metal concentrations in mosses Spatial distribution within countries (Pb, 2005) Pb, 2005 EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris Heavy Metal concentrations in mosses Spatial distribution within countries (Cd, 2005) The highest emissions in BG (official data) Cd, 2005 EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris Heavy Metal concentrations in mosses Trends of depositions and concentrations of in mosses (Pb) EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris Heavy Metal concentrations in mosses Trends of depositions and concentrations of in mosses (Cd) EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris Other monitoring data Data Purpose HM concentrations in soils and surface waters Parameterization of wind re-suspension Hg concentrations in soil and waters Parameterization of natural emission POP concentrations in soils, waters, vegetation Parameterization of gaseous exchange, model validation Gas/particle measurements of POPs Improvement of model parameterization of gas-particle partitioning EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

HM concentration in soil Pb concentration in European soils For other regions (Central Asia), SEE and EECCA countries, Asia, Africa default values are set! FOREGS (www.gtk.fi/publ/foregsatlas/) EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris Conclusions The usage of the measurement data on HMs in mosses (WGE) and POP passive sampling campaigns (MONET, CCC ) is promising approach for model validation and complex analysis of temporal trends and spatial distribution of pollution levels. For Europe as a whole the spatial pattern of modeled deposition fluxes and concentration in mosses are similar: In most cases regions with higher deposition correspond to regions with higher moss concentrations and vice versa Significant spatial correlation between modelled deposition of HMs and concentrations was found for Scandinavia and some central European countries (e.g, Poland, Czech Republic…). Long-term calculated deposition trends of HMs agree reasonably well with trends of concentrations in mosses EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris

10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris Conclusions (cont.) Results of passive sampling campaigns are useful for further refinement of description of POP pollution levels Modelled PCB-153 air concentrations essentially correlate with measurements of passive sampling campaigns (MONET, CCC) Measurements of HM and POP concentrations in soils, sea and fresh water and vegetation are needed Further collaboration with WGE and national and international research groups in field of joint assessment of HM and POP pollution across Europe is highly appreciated EMEP/MSC-E 10th TFMM meeting, June, 2009, France, Paris