第二章 交际与跨文化交际 Communication & Intercultural communication

Communication and Intercultural Communication Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication Our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this planet . ——John F .Kennedy

Chapter Outline Communication and Intercultural Communication Culture and Communication Intercultural Communication Communication Defined Components of Communication Intercultural Communication Defined Forms of Intercultural Communication Characteristics of Communication Dynamic Systemic Symbolic Irreversible Transactional Self-reflective Contextual

Text A Communication 1. The definition of communication 2. Components of communication

1 The Definition of Communication Communication means to share with or to make common, as in giving to another culture a part or share with your thoughts, hopes, and knowledge. 1.Western Perspective of communication 2.Eastern perspective of communication

Western Perspective of communication In western cultures, communication is studied as the means of transmitting ideas. Western cultures emphasize the instrumental function of communication; that is, effectiveness is evaluated in terms of success in the manipulation of others to achieve one’s personal goal.

Eastern Perspective of Communication Definitions of communication from many Asian countries stress harmony, which is most notable in cultures with a Confucian tradition. Eastern cultures’ understanding would define communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship.

Components of Communication 2 Components of Communication Sender/Source （信息源） the person who transmits a message. Message （信息） any signal that triggers the response of a receiver. Encoding （编码） the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. Channel /Medium （渠道） the method used to deliver a message.

Receiver （信息接收者） any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message Decoding （解码） the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received Feedback （反馈） the response of a receiver to a sender’s message Noise （干扰） factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise, physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise

(2) Physiological Noise (1) External Noise Sounds that distract communicators: voices in the next room; annoying ring of someone’s cell phone in a meeting; etc. Other types of external noise that don’t involve sound: an overcrowded room or a smelly cigar (2) Physiological Noise illnesses and disabilities (3) Psychological Noise forces with the sender or receiver that interfere with understanding: egotism; hostility; preoccupation; fear; etc. (4) Semantic Noise caused by using different languages; the use of jargon; different understanding of the message delivered; etc.

Context （语境） the setting or situation in which communication takes place, including the physical context, the social context, the interpersonal context

What are the components of communication Picture Analysis What are the components of communication reflected in the following picture?

What are the components of communication Chapter 2 Communication and Intercultural Communication Picture Analysis What are the components of communication reflected in the following picture?

Chapter Outline Communication and Intercultural Communication Culture and Communication Intercultural Communication Communication Defined Components of Communication Intercultural Communication Defined Forms of Intercultural Communication Characteristics of Communication Dynamic Systemic Symbolic Irreversible Transactional Self-reflective Contextual

Text B Characteristics of Communication a. Communication is dynamic b. Communication is systematic c. Communication is symbolic d. Communication is irreversible e. Communication is transactional f. Communication is self-reflective g. Communication is contextual.

a Communication Is Dynamic Communication is an ongoing activity. It is not fixed. A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate; it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action.

b Communication Is Systematic（系统性的） Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a larger system. We send and receive messages not in isolation, but in a specific setting. Setting and environment help determine the words and actions we generate. Dress, language, topic selection, and the like are all adapted to context.

c Communication Is Symbolic（符号性的） Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. A symbol is a word, action, or object that stands for or represents a unit of meaning. People's behaviors are frequently interpreted symbolically, as an external representation of feelings, emotions, and internal states.

d Communication Is Irreversible（不可逆转的） Communication is an irreversible process. We can never undo what has already been done. Although we may try to qualify, negate, or somehow reduce the effects of our message, once it has been sent and received, the message itself cannot be reversed.

e Communication Is Transactional（交互式的） A transactional view holds that communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversations.

f Communication Is Self-reflective Human beings have a unique ability to think about themselves, to watch how they define the world, and to reflect on their past, present, and future.

g Communication Is Contextual（情境的） All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context. By context, we mean the place where people meet, the social purpose for being together, and the nature of the relationship. Thus the context includes the physical, social, and interpersonal settings.

Chapter Outline Communication and Intercultural Communication Culture and Communication Intercultural Communication Communication Defined Components of Communication Intercultural Communication Defined Forms of Intercultural Communication Characteristics of Communication Dynamic Systemic Symbolic Irreversible Transactional Self-reflective Contextual

Text C Culture and Communication

The relationship between culture and communication is compared to the relationship between a map and a journey. How do you understand and interpret this simile?

Culture and communication Culture is learned, acted out, transmitted, and preserved through communication. Cultures inherently contain communication systems. Each culture encourages a particular communication style expected within it.

1. Intercultural Communication Defined Intercultural communication refers to communication between people whose cultural perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event. 2. Forms of Intercultural Communication a. International Communication b. Interethnic Communication c. Interracial Communication d. Intracultural Communication

International Communication International communication takes place between nations and governments rather than individuals; it is quite formal and ritualized(仪式化) . United Nations Conference

Interracial Communication b Interracial Communication Interracial communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.

Interethnic Communication Ethnic groups usually form their own communities in a country or culture. These groups share a common origin or heritage that is apt to influence family names, language, religion, values, and the like.

.Intracultural Communication d .Intracultural Communication It is defined as communication between or among members of the same culture.

Lead-in Case: She Has Three Hands Read the case and answer the following questions: 1. Suppose you are the Chinese doctor, if you are communicating with the Canadian physiotherapist, will his words irritate you? How would you respond to the situation? 2. What caused their communication conflicts? 3. What do you think of the different communication styles of the two doctors?

▲Pre-reading Task: Form groups of three or four and work together to write a letter to a penpal friend. Analyze the following elements involved in the process: 1. What meaning do you want to express? 2. In what way would you like to deliver or organize your idea? 3. By which channel are you going to send your message? 4. Is there anything that might interfere with the process? 5. How do you think the letter will be interpreted by people from different cultures?