1. Communication

2. Effective communication
Occurs when the intended meanings of the sender and the perceived meaning of the receiver are the same.
Efficient communication
Occurs at minimum costs in terms of resources expended time is an important resources in the communication process.

3. A: understanding communication process
sending
Encoding
Transmission
Decoding
Receiver/
Responder
Source
Noise
Decoding
Transmission
Encoding
Feedback loop (verification) Figure 1: The communication process

4. The communication process
Source
The individual
The group
Organizational etc.
Encoding
The process by which the message is translated from an idea or thought into transmittable symbols
Transmission
Is the process through which the symbols that represent the message are sent to the receiver

5. Medium Decoding Receiver
Is the channel or path through which the message is transmitted
Decoding
Is the process by which the receiver of the message interprets the message’s meaning
Receiver
The individual, group, or organization that perceives the encoded symbols and may or not decode them and try to understand the intended message.

6. Feedback Noise Channel noise
Is the process by which the receiver returns a message to that sender that indicates receipt of the message.
Noise
Any disturbances in the communication process that interferes with or distorts communication
Channel noise
A disturbance in communication that is due primarily to the medium

7. Communication problems
Root of the problem
Type of problem
Source
Filtering
Encoding & Decoding
Lack of common experience
Semantics jargon
Medium problems
Receiver
Selective attention
Value judgment
Lack of source credibility
Over load
Feedback
Omission
Organizational factors
Noise
Status differences
Time pressures
Overload
Communication structure

8. Improving communication process in teaching & learning
Focus: Message
Question: What idea or thought are you trying to get across?
Corrective action: Give more information
Give less information
Give entire message
SENDER

9. RECEIVER
Focus: Message Question: What idea or thought does the sender want you to understand? Corrective action: listen carefully to the entire message, not just to part of it.

10. Focus: Symbols
Question: Does my student use the same symbols, word, jargon.
Corrective action:
Say it another way
Employ repetition
Use student’s language
Before sending, clarify symbols to be used
SENDER

11. Focus: Symbols
Question: What symbols are being using.
For example foreign language, technical jargon etc?
Corrective action:
Clarify symbols before communication begins.
Ask questions.
Ask sender to repeat message.
RECEIVER

12. Use multiple media, change medium & increase volume (loudness)
Focus: Medium
Question: Is this a channel that the receiver monitors regularly? Sometime? Never?.
Corrective action:
Use multiple media, change medium & increase volume (loudness)
SENDER

13. Monitor several media RECEIVER Focus: Medium
Question: What medium or media is the sender using
Corrective action:
Monitor several media
RECEIVER

14. Focus: Feedback
Question: What is the receiver’s action to your message?
Corrective action:
Pay attention to the feedback, especially non verbal question. Ask question.
SENDER

15. Repeat message RECEIVER Focus: Feedback
Question: Did you correctly interpret the message.
Corrective action:
Repeat message
RECEIVER

16. Barriers to effective communication process in teaching& learning
Four major elements that can limit the development of effective communication skills
People
Language
Non-verbal behaviour
Listening behaviour

17. People & Perceptions
Perception defined as a way we take in information. Each person gathers information differently, problems arise in the way each individual perceptive things and other people.
Misunderstandings occur Bec. People differences in their references.
References include
Past experience
Present & future expectations
Current motivational state
Knowledge
Socio cultural background

18. Effects: Stereotype Denial Halo effect Projection
Example: Woman or female student are emotional.
Denial
We try to protect ourselves from people, situations and ideas that threaten our security.
Halo effect
The perception of certain characteristics or traits of an individual influencing the way people see other characteristics of that person. This effect can be positive or negative.
Projection
Occurs when people project their own feelings, motives & desires into their perception of others

19. Corrective action Self concept Language barrier Self discovery
Self disclosure
Self fulfilling prophecy
Language barrier
Alertness
By passing
Incompletes
Levels of abstraction

20. Non verbal communication
Nonverbal messages are stronger than verbal ones.
Nonverbal messages clarify verbal messages and they are sent more frequently
3 major divisions of nonverbal communication:
Environmental communication – corporate image, time, building design, room layout.
Social communication – personal space, status, symbols
Physical communication – gesture, facial expressions, eyes, voice, clothing, touch
Effective managers are sensitive to what their peers, subordinates and supervisors are non- verbally conveying.

21. Listening behaviour
5 stage of listening process: receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating, and responding.
Most people are poop listeners because perception and semantic problems interfere with their accurate hearing of what another person says.
Listening skills can be improved by the proper construction of mental outlines:
Creating an interest in the topic.
Constructing a mental outline.
Continually reviewing the mental outline.
Using key words in the mental outline.
Judging between important and unimportant information.
Tackling distractions head on.

22. Figure 2: Communication process
Messages
barriers
Student
Lecturer
Develop
ideas
Encode
Transmits
Receiver
Decodes
Action
Feedback
Two way communication
Figure 2: Communication process

23. So listening demands a great deal of concentration and effort.
Guideline for effective lists:
Stop talking.
Put the talker at ease.
Show the talker you want to listen.
Remove distraction.
Empathize with the talker.
Be patient.
Hold your temper.
Go easy on argument and criticism.
Ask question.

24. Successful communication require effective listening (both).
Receiver: Must listen to receive and understand the sender’s message.
Sender: Must listen to receive and understand the receiver’s feedback.
Often “listening” is the weak link in the chain of 2 way communication.