1. BA 4216 Cross-cultural Studies in Organizations Communication
Instructor: Çağrı Topal

2. Definitions Sharing perceptual fields
Attributing meaning to behavior or residue of behavior
A two-way process of information exchange
A contextual negotiation of meaning

3. Definition
Communication is a two-way process in which the persons involved in the communication process try to achieve a shared meaning by exchanging information and attributing meaning to their behaviors within a context
Intentional or unintentional

4. Basic components Source Encoding Message Channel Receiver Decoding
Feedback

5. Characteristics of communication-1
There is no direct mind-to mind communication
We can only infer
Communication is a dynamic process
We seek to define the world
Communication is interactive
Communication is inevitable
Time binding links us together

6. Characteristics of communication-2
Communication is symbolic
Communication doesn’t necessarily mean understanding
Communication has a consequence
Communication is self-reflective
Communication occurs in a context
We are alike and we are different

7. Cross-cultural (mis)communication
Sending a message to a person from another culture
Failure to receive the message of a person from another culture

8. Major obstacles to intercultural communication
Mode of thinking and reasoning
Stereotyping
Language
Perception
Religion
Ethnocentrism

9. Communication in high-context cultures
Highly contextual
Reliance on nonverbal cues
Deliberation in business negotiation
Personal relationship
Slow and difficult change
Less personal space and more touching
More collectivist
Japanese language and culture

10. Communication in low-context cultures
Highly abstract
Less reliance on nonverbal cues
Speed in business negotiation
Contractual relationship
Fast and desirable change
Large personal space
More individualistic
English language and culture

11. Nonverbal communication
The process of exchanging nonverbal stimuli in a communication setting that are generated by the source and his or her use of the environment that have potential message value for both the source and the receiver
Intentional or unintentional
Attempt to achieve shared meaning

12. Nonverbal vs. verbal communication-1
Both based on a culturally agreed set of symbols
In both, attachment of meaning to the symbols
Nonverbal governed biologically whereas verbal messages deliberately
Nonverbal learned much earlier
Nonverbal more emotional in its appeal and impact

13. Nonverbal vs. verbal communication-2
Nonverbal more universal
Nonverbal simultaneously from a multiple of channels while verbal through a single channel
Nonverbal continuous and a never-ending process
Absence of message in nonverbal communication as a message
Nonverbal messages more confusing

14. Categories-1 Time Space Material possessions Silence Kinesics
Facial expression
Posture
Gestures

15. Categories-2
Eye contact
Touch
Dress
Paralanguage
Smell

16. What to do Assume difference until similarity proven
Describe not evaluate
Learn and use cultural assumptions
Treat intepretations as a guess not fact