GOALS To understand and differentiate between the following bio-psycho-social theories/perspectives: ~ Medical model ~Cognitive development theory ~Psychodynamic theory ~Behavioral/learning theory ~Humanistic perspective

What is the medical model? ~Clients/problems should be viewed in the context of the environment in which they occur ~Considers people’s “systems” ~Important perspective in social work

What is cognitive development theory? …think Piaget! Assumptions: 1.) Children are born basically good. 2.) Nature and nurture are important. 3.) Children play an active role in their development. 4.) Development is discontinuous or in stages. 5.) These stages are universal.

SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (birth – age 2) What are the stages in Piaget’s theory? SENSORIMOTOR STAGE (birth – age 2) Substage Age Activity Reflex Activity to 1 month baby learns about world through primitive reflexes Primary Circular 1-4 months baby learns reflex actions bring pleasurable Reactions results and repeats those actions Secondary Circular 4-8 months baby learns to control things other than Reactions body and repeats random actions for results Coordination of 8-12 months baby takes several random activities and Secondary Schemes puts them together to achieve goal Tertiary Circular 12-18 months can think up activities and experiment to Reactions see how things work Beginning of 18 to 24 months transitions from being action oriented to Representational being symbol oriented; has object Thought permanence; can solve problems

PREOPERATIONAL STAGE (2-7 years) Substage Age Limits in Reasoning Symbolic Function 2-4 Animism Precausal or transductive reasoning Egocentrism Appearance/reality distinction Intuitive Thought 4-7 Class inclusion Problems of conservation

CONCRETE OPERATIONAL STAGE (7-11 years) Mental Operations Children Can Now Perform Reversibility can mentally undo a sequence of actions Conservation two objects remain the same even if a property of one is changed in a superficial way Classification can now classify objects into hierarchical groups Seriation ability to organize objects in an orderly series

FORMAL OPERATIONAL STAGE (12-16 years) Hallmarks Hypothetical-deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning

CENTRAL IDEAS IN PIAGET’S THEORY ~Schema ~Adaptation ~Assimilation ~Accommodation

What is psychodynamic theory? …think Freud! Assumptions: 1.) Human nature is inherently selfish and aggressive. 2.) Nature is more important. Biological forces push child through stages. 3.) Children are passively driven by these biological forces. 4.) Development is discontinuous or stagelike (in psychosexual stages). 5.) The psychosexual stages are universal.  

CENTRAL IDEAS IN FREUD’S THEORY Unconscious Preconscious Conscious Id Ego Superego 

What are the stages in psychosexual development? ORAL (birth to 18 mos) ANAL (1 ½ - 3 years) PHALLIC (3 – 5 years) LATENCY (5 years to puberty) GENITAL (puberty on)  

What is psychodynamic theory? …think Erikson! Assumptions: 1.) We’re born basically good. 2.) Nature or biological forces determine that people will go through psychosocial stages and experience each life crisis, then nurture or social forces determine how each crisis is resolved. 3.) Children actively participate in developmental outcomes. 4.) Development is discontinuous or in stages. 5.) The psychosocial stages are universal.  

CENTRAL IDEAS IN ERIKSON’S THEORY Sex and biology aren’t all that important after all! The Epigenetic Principle Biological and social demands push us to the next stage of development, ready or not! Lifespan approach

Ego Integrity vs. Despair What are the stages in Erikson’s theory? Older age Maturity Young adulthood   Ego Integrity vs. Despair Adolescence Generativity vs. Stagnation School age (6-12 years) Intimacy vs. Isolation Early Childhood (18 mos -3 years) Play age (3-6 years) Identity vs. Role Confusion Industry vs. Inferiority Infancy (0-18 mos) Initiative vs. Guilt Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt Trust vs. Mistrust

What is behavioral theory? …think Pavlov, Watson, Skinner, and Bandura! Assumptions: 1.) We’re born neither good nor bad. 2.) Nurture is more important. 3.) Passively shaped by experiences and environment. 4.) Development is continuous and gradual (no stages…yeah!). 5.) Development is particularistic, shaped by life experiences.  

What are the beginnings of learning theory? 1.) Classical Conditioning ~Watson’s famous experiment ~Pavlov and his dogs 2.) Operant/Instrumental Conditioning ~Skinner & Reinforcement

What is Bandura’s social learning theory (another form of learning theory)? Assumptions: 1,) Born neither good nor bad. 2.) Nurture is more important. 3.) People are active in their development and can influence their environment. 4.) Development is continuous (no stages – yeah!). 5.) Development is particularistic – depends on experiences.

What are the humanistic theories/approaches? ~Existentialism and the Humanistic perspective 1.) Rogers’s person-centered or client-centered therapy (not your instructor) 2.) Gestalt (Fritz Perls) 3.) Transactional analysis