1. Five Theories (Perspectives) of Development
Psychological
Psychoanalytic (Freud)
Cognitive
Behavioral
Other
Ethological
Ecological

2. Psychoanalytic theory (by Dr. Sigmund Freud)
Early experiences with parents extensively shape human development
Freud believed personality has 3 structures
Id - with
Ego
Super Ego

3. Id – personality that consists of instincts( it is totally unconscious)
No contact with reality
Ego – the freudin structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality.
Allows to make rational decisions.
Super Ego – the moral branch of personality that takes into acco unt what’s right or wrong( conscience)

4. Freudian Stages of development

5. Psychoanalytic Theory: Erik Erikson (1902-1994)
Eight psychosocial stages in the lifespan
Trust v. mistrust
Autonomy v. shame/doubt
Initiative v. guilt
Industry v. inferiority
Identity v. confusion
Intimacy v. isolation
Generativity v. stagnation
Integrity v. despair

6. Ericson’s stages Developmental stage characteristics Trust vs mistrust
Infancy (1st year)
Sense of trust requires a feeling of physical comfort & minimal amount of fear
Autonomy vs shame and doubt
Infancy (2ndyear)
Develop a healthy independence.
Try to express their will
Initiative vs guilt
Early child hood( pre school years age 3-5)
Develop active purposeful behavior to cope with challenges.
Develop a sense of responsibility
Initiate tasks
Industry vs inferiority
Middle and late childhood(age 6-11 years or puberty)
Directing their energy to mastering knowledge and intellectual skills

7. Identity vs identity confusion
Adolescence(10-20years)
Face the task of finding out who they are, what they are all about& where they are going in life
Intimacy vs isolation
Early adulthood
Developmental T ask of forming intimate relationship with others
Generativity vs stagnation
Middle adulthood
Concern to assist the younger generation and leading useful lives
Integrity vs despair
Late adulthood
Individuals look back evaluate what they have done with their lives

8. Cognitive Theories (1960s)
Emphasize thinking, reasoning, language
Jean Piaget: Swiss ( )
Children actively construct understanding
Four stages
Lev Vygotsky: Russian
Knowledge is constructed through interaction with other people
Information Processing
Analogy between human brain & computer

9. Piaget’s Stages
According to Piaget, children progress through four distinct cognitive stage
Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
Preoperations (2-7 years)
Concrete Operations (7-12 years)
Formal Operations (12 and up)
As a child progresses to a new stage, his/her thinking is qualitatively different

10. Piaget’s Stages cont.. Sensorimotor
Understand the world through senses and motor actions
Develop object permanence – the idea that an object still exists even if it can’t be seen
Preoperative (“before logic”)
Symbolic thought – ability to use words, images, and symbols to represent the world
Thinking is egocentric (the inability to take another person’s perspective)

11. Cont…. Concrete Operations Can do logical operations
Understand reversibility
Can do conservation – two equal quantities remain equal even if the appearance of one has changed
Formal Operations:
Can do abstract & hypothetical reasoning

12. Piaget’s Four Stages of Cognitive Development

13. Information-Processing Theory
OUTPUT
INPUT
math
history
religion
culture
science
literature

14. Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning
Behavioral Theories
Ivan Pavlov: Classical Conditioning
Pair a neutral stimulus (CS)with a stimulus (UCS) that automatically produces a response (UCR).
John B. Watson: Emotional responses can be classically conditioned (Little Albert).
B. F. Skinner: Operant Conditioning
Behavior followed by a reward is more likely to occur again; punished behavior is less likely to occur again.

15. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS or US)
Key terms
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS or US)
Biologically relevant stimulus, that without prior learning elicits an….
Unconditioned Response (UR or UCR)
Conditioned Stimulus (CS
Conditioned Response (CR)

16. Ethological Theory Based on study of animal behavior
Considers the influence of biology/evolution
Considers critical or sensitive periods
Konrad Lorenz: imprinting-rapid, innate learning
John Bowlby: attachment

17. Ecological Theory Urie Bronfenbrenner
Emphasizes environmental concepts
Microsystem: daily life
Mesosystem: relates microsystems
Exosystem: influences from other social systems
Macrosystem: culture
Chronosystem: (time) personal/social history