1. Principles of Growth and Development
Chapter 15

2. Principles of Growth and Development
Physical increase in the body’s size and appearance caused by increasing numbers of new cells
Development
Progressive change in the child toward maturity
Maturation
Completed growth and development

3. Patterns of Growth and Development
Cephalocaudal development
The child is able to control the head and neck before being able to control the arms and legs
Proximodistal development
Growth starts in the center and progresses toward the periphery, or outside
The child can control movement of the arms before being able to control movement of the hands

4. Patterns of Growth and Development (cont.)
Developmental tasks
Basic achievements associated with each stage of development

5. Factors Related to Growth and Development
Height
Weight
Standards of growth
Standards of development
Body proportions

6. Influences on Growth and Development
Genetics
Nutrition
Environment
Play and entertainment
The homeless family
Divorce
Being a latchkey child
Being a runaway child

7. Growth and Development of the Body Systems
Nervous system
Sensory organs
Eyes
Ears
Respiratory system
Cardiovascular and hematologic systems

8. Growth and Development of the Body Systems (cont.)
Gastrointestinal system
Endocrine system and hormonal function
Genitourinary system
Musculoskeletal system
Integumentary and immune systems

9. Theories of Child Development
Sigmund Freud
Concerned primarily with the libido
Erik Erikson
Series of 8 developmental tasks or crises
Jean Piaget
Brought new insight into cognitive development
Kohlberg
Development of moral reasoning in children

10. Freud’s 3 Levels of ConsciousnessId
Controls physical needs and instincts of the body
Ego
The conscious self; controls the pleasure principle of the id by delaying the instincts until an appropriate time
Superego
The conscience or parental value system

11. Psychosexual Stages in Freud’s Theory
Oral (0–2 years)
The newborn first relates almost entirely to the mother; first experiences with body satisfaction come through the mouth
Anal (2–3 years)
The child’s first encounter with the serious need to learn self-control and take responsibility
Phallic (3–6 years)
Interest moves to the genital area as a source of pride and curiosity

12. Psychosexual Stages in Freud’s Theory (cont.)
Latency (6–10 years)
The time of primary schooling; the child is preparing for adult life but must await maturity to exercise initiative in adult living
Genital (11–13 years)
Physical puberty is occurring at an increasingly early age; social puberty occurs even earlier

13. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development
Trust vs. mistrust
The infant learns that his or her needs will be met
Autonomy vs. doubt and shame
The toddler learns to perform independent tasks
Initiative vs. guilt
The child develops a conscience and sense of right and wrong
Industry vs. inferiority
The child competes with others and enjoys accomplishing tasks

14. Erikson’s Stages of Psychosocial Development (cont.)
Identity vs. identity confusion
The adolescent goes through physical and emotional changes as he or she develops independent self
Intimacy vs. isolation
The young adult develops intimate relationships
Generativity vs. self-absorption
The middle-aged adult finds fulfillment in life
Ego integrity vs. despair
The older adult is satisfied with life and achievements

15. Piaget’s 4 Stages of Cognitive Development
Sensorimotor phase
The infant uses the senses for physical satisfaction
Preoperational phase
The young child sees the world from an egocentric point of view
Concrete operations phase
The child learns to problem-solve in a systematic way
Formal operations phase
The adolescent has own ideas and can think in abstract ways

16. Kohlberg’s Stages of Development of Moral Reasoning in Children
Preconventional level (premoral level)
No moral sensitivity; time of egocentrism
Conventional level
As concrete operational thought develops, children can engage in moral reasoning
Postconventional level (principled level)
The adolescent must have attained the formal operational stage

17. Theories of Child Development

18. Other Theorists
Arnold Gesell
Carl Jung
John Bowlby

19. Communicating With Children and Family Caregivers
Principles of communication
Infants
Young children
School-age children
Adolescents
Caregivers

20. The Nurse’s Role Related to Growth and Development
Understanding factors and influences and normal or expected patterns related to growth and development of the infant, child, and adolescent
Talking to the child at his or her level of development
Teaching and working with family caregivers