Life Processes and Adaptations in PLANTS A Booklet Journey

EVOLUTION OF PLANTS 1. What was the earliest ancestor to all of today’s modern plants? _________________ Green algae

EVOLUTION OF PLANTS 2. The first (real) plants were called _______________ (mosses, hornworts, liverworts). They do not have stems (or specialized vascular tissue) to transport food and water. bryophytes

EVOLUTION OF PLANTS 3. What part(s) of the plant have vascular tissue? Stems and Roots and Leaves

EVOLUTION OF PLANTS 4. The two types of vascular tissues are: a. Xylem: transports water up the plant b. Phloem: transports food and water up and down the plant

EVOLUTION OF PLANTS 5. How do bryophytes obtain water and nutrients if they don’t have stems? ___________________________________________ Absorbing water from the environment by OSMOSIS

EVOLUTION OF PLANTS 6. Which plant domain evolved vascular tissue first? _____________. What did this allow plants to do? __________________________________________________ FERNS Grow on land away from water; grow taller

EVOLUTION OF PLANTS SEEDS 7. What trait evolved after vascular tissue? _______________. Which plant domains reproduce using seeds? _______________ & ________________ SEEDS Gymnosperms Angiosperms

EVOLUTION OF PLANTS CONES 8. Gymnosperms produce seeds protected in __________, whereas Angiosperms produce seeds protected in _______________ & _________________ CONES FLOWERS FRUITS

PLANT CHARACTERISTICS Common Characteristics of Plant Cells: 1. Eukaryotic 2. Multicellular 3. Autotrophic (Photosynthetic) 4. Aerobic 5. Have cell wall

PLANT CLASSIFICATION

STERNGRR (life processes) in PLANTS Synthesis: Photosynthesis used to make food Protein synthesis Chloroplasts

STERNGRR Processes Transport: Non-vascular plants use osmosis Vascular plants have xylem to transport water and phloem to transport food (in vascular bundle / vein) WATER FOOD

STERNGRR Processes Excretion: Tiny openings in the leaf called stomata allow gas exchange; regulated by guard cells Wastes may be stored in leaves that fall off in autumn

What plant cell ORGANELLE does this process occur in? STERNGRR Processes Respiration: Use oxygen and sugar to produce ATP for energy Equation: What plant cell ORGANELLE does this process occur in?

What plant cell ORGANELLE does this occur in? STERNGRR Processes Nutrition: Sugar produced in photosynthesis is used for cellular respiration or stored for later use. Plants are autotrophs (producers) because they produce their own food during photosynthesis. Equation: What plant cell ORGANELLE does this occur in?

STERNGRR Processes Growth and Development: Seeds germinate to start the process of development into a new plant

STERNGRR Processes Growth and Development: Hormones: plants produce growth hormones (proteins) Tropisms: growth responses (movements) to environmental stimuli

STERNGRR Processes Tropisms: growth responses (movements) to environmental stimuli Phototropism: the way a plant bends or moves in response to light Gravitropism: the way a plant bends or moves in response to gravity Thigmatropism: a plant’s response to touch

Sex, Bugs, and Pollen’s Role A CLOSE READ about Plant Reproduction! Highlight important vocabulary terms Make comments and connections in the margins Ask questions in the margins.

STERNGRR Processes Reproduction: Asexual Reproduction: Occurs through the process of vegetative propagation

STERNGRR Processes Reproduction: Sexual Reproduction: Spores: Produced by non-vascular (bryophytes) and seedless vascular (ferns)

STERNGRR Processes Reproduction: Sexual Reproduction: Seeds: Found in cones in gymnosperms Found in fruits that develop from flowers in angiosperms

What is a seed? egg embryo ovary fruit seeds air water animals SEEDS – a fertilized ______ becomes an ___________________ inside the ___________ of the flower. As the seed develops, the ovary ripens to form a ___________. The fruit helps to disperse (spread) the _______________. Seeds may be dispersed by ______, ______________, or _______________ (poop). embryo ovary fruit seeds air water animals

Seed Structure

FLOWER STRUCTURE (Angiosperms) petal flowers Angiosperms use ________________ as reproductive structures. The colored ____________ of a flower or scented/sweet nectar attract ____________________. A flower may contain both male and female parts: petals pollinators Male part Female part

FLOWER STRUCTURE (Angiosperms) The male reproductive structure is called the stamen. The stamen consists of the anther and the filament. The anther produces pollen, containing sperm. The female reproductive structure is called the pistil or carpel. The pistil consists of the stigma, the style, and the ovary. The stigma is sticky, which helps collect pollen. The ovary holds ovules, containing eggs. anther filament Stamen Highlight or Shade the FEMALE flower parts in RED/PINK. Highlight or Shade the MALE flower parts in BLUE.

FLOWER STRUCTURE (Angiosperms) Shade in the MALE parts (labels) blue. Shade in the FEMALE parts (labels) pink.

REPRODUCTION pollen transferred POLLINATION - occurs when the _________ produced by the anther (male part of the flower) is ______________________ to the stigma (female part of the flower) pollen transferred

REPRODUCTION sperm egg FERTILIZATION - occurs when a ___________(in pollen) meets the _______ (in ovary). sperm egg

Video: The Reproductive Role of Flowers

STERNGRR Processes Regulation Hormones: regulate and control responses to stimuli. AUXINS – control _________________ of ______ (growth) CYTOKINIENS – control ___________ ETHYLENE – gas that regulates ________________________ Control elongation of stem (growth) Control cell division Gas that regulates fruit ripening

STERNGRR Processes Regulation Stomata (stoma) – small openings (_______) on the underside of leaves that ______________ gas ___________ and water _______ (called transpiration). pores regulate exchange loss CO2 Guard cells stomate H2O chloroplast O2

ADAPTATIONS IN PLANTS

Plant Adaptations Plants have adaptations that help them survive in different areas Adaptation: heritable trait that increases an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce (increases fitness)

Plant Adaptations - Root Taproot Fibrous Roots Root hairs

Plant Adaptations - Leaf Cuticle Surface area Carnivorous Protection

Plant Adaptations - Stem Tuber Succulent Tendrils Runners