1. Unit 12
Plants!

2. Characteristics of Plant Kingdom
Autotrophs (photosynthesis)
Multicellular
Sessile (do not
move)
4. Cell Walls
5. Eukaryotes

3. Plant Classification All Plants Nonvascular Vascular Gymnosperm
Angiosperm
Monocot
Dicot

4. Vascular vs. Non-vascular Plants
Vascular: Plant that has transport tubes – with stems, roots and leaves.
Non-vascular: Plants that do not have transport tubes. Earliest plants. Ex: moss, liverworts

5. Gymnosperms vs. Angiosperms
Non-flowering vascular plants with uncovered seeds in cones.
Angiosperms:
Flowering vascular plants with covered seeds in fruit.

6. Monocot vs. Dicot Monocot:
Flowering plant that has 1 cotyledon (embryo leaf), parallel veins, and flower petals in groups of 3
Dicot:
Flowering plant that has 2 cotyledons, branched veins, and flower petals in groups of 4 or 5

7. Deciduous Trees vs. Conifers
Trees with broad leaves that become dormant and drop their leaves in winter.
Conifers
Trees with needle shaped leaves and seeds in cones. They are evergreen and do not drop their leaves.

8. Transport
Nonvascular plants DO NOT have specialized transport structures.
Vascular plants have transport tubes:
Xylem carries water up stem to leaves
Phloem carries sugar (food) through plant
Transpiration: water evaporates from leaves.
Roots absorb water from soil
Capillary Action moves water up the stem against gravity because water molecules stick together (hydrogen bonding!)

9. Leaf Structure Cuticle: waxy outer coating to prevent water loss
Epidermis
Vein
Epidermis
Guard Cell
Stoma
Cuticle: waxy outer coating to prevent water loss
Epidermis: outer protective cell layer
Stoma: openings to take in carbon dioxide.
Guard cells: open and close stoma
Vein (or vascular bundle): contains xylem and phloem

10. Flower Parts
Petal: attract pollinators Sepal: protect bud Pistil: female part Stigma: collect pollen Style: tube to ovary Ovary: contains ovules Stamen: male part Anther: carry pollen Filament: hold up anther
Pistil

11. Tropisms: response to environment
Geotropism (gravitropism): a plant’s response to gravity. Roots grow down, shoots grow up
Phototropism: a plant grows toward light and develops flowers depending on length of day
click for video
Thigmotropism: a plant’s response to touch
Ex: Venus flytrap
Climbing vines
Mimosa pudica

12. Plant Reproduction Sporophyte Gametophyte
All plants undergo Alternation of Generations where plants alternate between two separate forms:
Sporophyte
Develops from diploid zygote
Produces haploid spores
Gametophyte
Develops from haploid spores
Creates gametes for sexual reproduction

13. Plant Reproduction
Plants can’t move to spread gametes, so they rely on:
Insects and other pollinators
Wind and water
Plants rely on wind, water, & animals
to spread their seeds as well.
Plant seeds germinate (start to grow) based on environmental factors like temperature, humidity & light. Some plants even require fire to germinate!