1. Plants

2. What is a Plant? Autotrophs Eukaryotes Multicellular Central vacuole
Cell wall
Cellulose – makes the cell wall rigid
Chloroplasts – where food is made

3. Adaptations for Living on Land
Ways to obtain water and nutrients
Retain water
Transport materials
Support their bodies
Reproduce
Cuticle – waxy, waterproof layer that covers the leaves and helps plants retain water
Vascular tissue – tubelike structures that transport materials within a plant

4. Nonvascular Plants
Mosses
Liverworts
Hornworts
Vascular Plants
Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns
Club mosses
Horsetails
Seeded Vascular Plants
Gymnosperms
Cycads
Conifers
Ginkgoes
Gentophytes
Angiosperms
Monocots
Dicots

5. Origins and Life Cycles
Oldest plant fossils are about 400 million years old.
Biologists compared chemicals:
Chlorophyll – green pigment found in the chloroplasts
Sporophyte – plant produces spores (tiny cells)
Gametophyte – plant produces sex cells (sperm and egg cells)

6. Photosynthesis

7. The Nature of Light Transmission- allows light to pass through
Reflection – light bounces back
Absorption – take in light (absorbs)
When light strikes the green leaves, green is reflected back and other colors are absorbed.
Pigment – chemical that produces color – in plants, chlorophyll is the common pigment
Accessory pigments – other colors (not green)

8. Photosynthesis
The process of plants capturing light energy to make food.
Plants need:
Light energy
Carbon dioxide
Water
To produce:
Sugar
Oxygen

9. Photosynthesis Chemical Formula

10. Seed Plants

11. Seed Plants - Characteristics
Vascular tissue
Use pollen and seeds to reproduce
Along with:
autotrophic, eukaryotic, cell walls

12. Vascular Tissue Phloem – transports food
Xylem – transports water and minerals

13. Pollen and Seeds Pollen – contains cells that later become sperm cells
Seed – contains a young plant inside a protective covering

14. Seed Structure A seed has 3 main parts:
Embryo – the young plant that develops from the zygote
Endosperm, cotyledon (seed leaves), or stored food
Seed coat – protects seed from drying out

15. Seed Dispersal Animals Water Wind Self – example, ejection
Germination – embryo begins to grow and pushes out of the seed

16. Roots 3 Main Functions Anchor the plant Absorb water and minerals
Store food
2 Types of Roots
Fibrous – clumps, example – onions
Taproot – single, example – dandelions
Root cap – protects the root

18. Stems
2 Main Functions
Transportation – carries substances throughout the plant
Support
2 Types
Herbaceous- no wood and soft
Woody – hard and rigid

20. Woody Stems outer bark – protects the cells inside
Inner bark – living phloem
Cambium - produces new phloem and xylem
Sapwood – active xylem
Heartwood – old, inactive xylem, provides support
Annual rings – a pair (light and dark) represent one year’s growth

21. Leaves Leaves capture energy and carry out photosynthesis
Stomata – small openings that open and close to control when gases enter and leave the leaf
Transpiration – water evaporates from a plant’s leaves

22. Gymnosperms

23. Characteristics
Gymnosperm – seed plant that produces naked seeds (not enclosed by a fruit)
Naked seeds
Needle-like leaves
Deep growing roots
autotrophic, eukaryotic, cell walls

24. 4 Types of Gymnosperms
Cycads – palm trees with cones, grown in tropical regions
Conifers – cone bearing and largest, most diverse group, keep their leaves all year
Ginkgoes – can tolerate pollution, only one species exists today
Gnetophytes – trees, shrubs, vines, hot deserts

25. Reproduction Cones – reproductive structures
Male cones produce pollen (male gametophyte)
Ovules – female gametophyte that holds the egg cell
After fertilization occurs, the ovule develops into the seed.
Pollination – transfer of pollen from a male to a female reproductive structure

27. Angiosperms

28. Characteristics Produce flowers Produce seeds enclosed in fruits
Along with:
autotrophic, eukaryotic, cell walls

29. Structure of Flowers Flower – reproductive structure of an angiosperm
Sepals – leaflike structures that surround a bud
petals – most colorful part of the flower
Stamen – male reproductive part
Pistil – female reproductive part
Ovary – contains the ovule which holds the egg cell

31. Reproduction in Angiosperms
Pollination – grain of pollen falls on the stigma
Fertilization – if pollen lands on stigma of a similar plant, fertilization can occur
Zygote develops into the seed’s embryo
As the seed develops, the ovary changes into a fruit
Fruit – a ripened ovary

32. 2 Types of Angiosperms Cotyledon – seed leaf, stored food
Monocot - one seed leaf , corn, grasses, tulips
Dicot – two seed leaves, beans, maple trees, roses