1. Tissues, Structures, Classification and Tropisms
KINGDOM PLANTAE
Tissues, Structures, Classification and Tropisms

2. Plant Tissues
Dermal: outermost layer on leaves and stems; covered with a waxy layer called the cuticle to prevent water loss
Vascular: used for transport
Ground: photosynthetic cells, support cells, and all other cells that are not dermal or vascular

3. Xylem and Phloem Xylem: Phloem: Made up of dead cells
Carries water and minerals
Transport is unidirectional from root to stems to leaves
Phloem:
Made up of living cells
Carries sugar
Transport is bidirectional (leaves to stems, stems to leaves, roots to stems, stems to roots)

4. Plant Structures—Non-Reproductive
Roots:
2 types—taproot and fibrous root
Taproots anchor tall plants and are important when water is not abundant
Protected by the root cap
Usually the part of the plant that grows below the surface of the soil and anchors the plant
Can store food
Absorb water and minerals
Root Cap

5. Stems: Support leaves and flowers
Can function to store food (ex: potato is an underground stem)
Transport water and nutrients within the plant
Node: place where leaves attach to stems

6. Leaves: Common features of leaves include:
Blade: flat, broad section of the leaf
Petiole: short stalk that connects the blade to the stem
Veins: carry water, minerals and sugar
Dermal tissue of leaves contain stomata, openings that allow carbon dioxide to enter and oxygen & water to leave

7. The stoma is surrounded by guard cells which control the opening and closing of the stoma
Leaves are the organs where photosynthesis occurs

8. Structures Found in Multiple Locations:
Cambium:
found between the xylem and the phloem
it is responsible for making vascular tissue
Chloroplast:
structure where photosynthesis takes place

9. Plant Structures—Reproductive
Male Reproductive Parts:
Called the stamen
Made up of the anther (produces pollen)
and the filament (supports the anther)

10. Female Reproductive Parts
Called the pistil
Made up of the stigma (the pollen lands here)
the style (connects the stigma and the ovary)
and the ovary (makes ovules)

11. Sterile Parts Petals: brightly colored parts of the flower
Sepals: green, leaf-like structures that support the flower and protect the bud before the flower blooms

12. Plant Classification
Botanists divide the plant kingdom into four groups based on three key features:
The presence of vascular tissue
The presence of seeds
The location of seeds
The four groups are:
Nonvascular plants--mosses
Vascular seedless plants--ferns
Gymnosperms (seeds in cones)--pines
Angiosperms (flowering plants)

13. Tropisms Tropisms are responses by plants to environmental stimuli
Examples:
Thigmotropism: a plant’s response to touch (i.e. vines wrap around a trellis or Venus fly trap captures an insect)
Phototropism: a plant’s response to light (i.e. plant’s grow towards a window)

14. Tropisms (cont.) Gravitropism: a plant’s response to gravity
stem’s show negative gravitropism since they grow against the force of gravity
root’s show positive gravitropism since they grow with the force of gravity