THURSDAY  Agenda  Religions Crossword (10 mintues- START NOW!)  Crusades Notes  Motivations for War  Binder Pages  1) Learning Targets  2) Lesson 1 Notes  3) Magna Carta  4) Lesson 2 Notes  5) Nation State GO Notes  6) Lesson 2 Notes  7) Motivations for War  What’s Next?  ……Ill let you know……

DID YOU KNOW  Porsche also builds tractors  For every human there are 200 million insects  Americans spend $10 million a day on potato chips  A hippopotamus can run faster than a man

Speech of Pope Urban II  In 1095, Muslims closed Jerusalem to Jews and Christians.  The Byzantine emperor wrote Pope Urban II asking for help re-open Jerusalem (Holy Land).  Chance to win back land lost in Muslim expansion  Chance for power after the Great Schism (1050)  Pope Urban called for a crusade, or holy war, against the Islamic forces in Jerusalem.  Three armies of knights and peasants traveled to the Holy Land.

1 st Crusades  In 1099, crusading armies inspired by Pope Urban’s speech, invaded and took control of Jerusalem.  Victorious, but unprepared  They knew nothing about the geography, climate, or culture of the Holy Land.  They had no strategy or adequate supply lines.  Four feudal Crusader states were formed in Jerusalem and surrounding areas, each ruled by a European noble.  These Crusader states were vulnerable to Muslim counterattack and would fall.

2 nd Crusade  The Second Crusade was organized to recapture Jerusalem  In 1187, Europeans learned that Jerusalem had fallen to the Muslim leader Saladin.  The Europeans suffered a dramatic loss and the survivors straggled back home.

Saladin vs. Richard the Lionhearted (Third ( ) Crusades)  Richard the Lionhearted (King of England) led armies from Western Europe against Saladin’s Muslim armies.  After many battles, the two agreed to a truce.  Muslims kept control of Jerusalem.  Saladin promised that unarmed Christians could freely visit the city’s holy places.

Fourth and Final Crusade  The Fourth Crusade  Ended as European knights got entangled in Italian and Byzantine disputes  Ended up looting the city of Constantinople.

Unifying Spain through Crusades  Muslims (Moors) controlled Spain until the 1100s.  The Reconquista, led by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, was a long effort to drive the Muslims out of Spain by the Spanish Catholics.  Ferdinand and Isabella ruled different parts of Spain  Unified under one central government  Combined militaries and expelled Muslims from Spain  Foundations for forming a nation state  Inquisition- Trials held by the Church to catch heritics (those with views different from the Church)  Effort to further unify under Christianity  Questioned and tortured  Expelled Jews and Muslims by 1492

More Crusades Produce Little  Multiple Crusades continued through the 1200s although each was not successful.  Eventually, the spirit that fueled the first Crusade had died down (over a century of fighting) and the Crusades ended.

Effects of the Crusades  1) Monarchies were strengthened, while the Pope and European nobles suffered.  Nobles fought in the Crusades, but also provided soldiers and paid their expenses.  Many nobles died and many more became poor.  The pope and the Catholic Church lost power and influence.  The lack of victories to regain Jerusalem caused people to lose confidence.  Europeans realized that the Church wanted Crusades for worldly, not holy, reasons..

 2) Stimulated trade throughout the Mediterranean area and the Middle East.  Christians traveling to fight in the Holy Land learned about goods and remained in Muslim territories to become merchants.  3) Increasing bitterness between Christians and Muslims  4) Fall of Byzantium  Looting left city vulnerable to Ottomans

MONDAY – T MINUS 4 DAYS  Agenda  Other Crusades and Motivations PPT  RC 2  Two Sides to a Story  Binder Pages  7) Lesson 2b Notes  8) RC 2  What’s Next  Wednesday- Black Death  Friday- Test

Motivations  The Crusades occurred for many different reasons and motivations  Religious- for Christianity or Islam (ie for God)  Power- to increase the power and influence of religion or people  Unity- to bring people together for a cause  Provide safety and protection  Depending on your side of the story, your motivations differ