1. The Middle ages
Outcome: The Crusades

2. The Crusades The Crusades What is a crusade?
A holy war involving the journey of thousands of Europeans to reclaim the holy land of Jerusalem in the name of Christianity
In all, there were 8 or 9 Crusades (depending on your source)

3. The Crusades When were the Crusades?
Starts in 1093 and lasts for nearly 300 years

4. The Crusades
Why crusade? Social, Economic, Spiritual, & Political reasons
Social: Opportunity to get knights to stop fighting each other and fight a new foe. These knights threatened peace in Europe.
Economic: The Holy Lands of Jerusalem were generally wealthier than Europe and many wanted to get their share of that wealth

5. The Crusades
Why crusade? Social, Economic, Spiritual, & Political reasons
Economic: Younger sons who did not stand to inherit father’s property were looking for wealth and adventure
Economic: Merchants supplied loans to finance the journey

6. The Crusades
Why crusade? Social, Economic, Spiritual, & Political reasons
Political: A chance for the pope to gain territory instead of Byzantine rival
Spiritual: Fight/die on Crusade = ticket to heaven (Christian contradiction)

7. The Crusades What happened:
First Crusade
Pope Urban II called for a holy war against Muslims controlling holy lands
Urban’s call brought tremendous support for the Crusade
Those who died on Crusade were assured a ticket to heaven
“God wills it!” was the battle cry
3,000 mile journey from Europe to Jerusalem
Eventually, 12,000 approached Jerusalem and besieged it for a month
On July 15, 1099, the Christians captured the city
In the process, the Christians slaughtered all of the Muslims left in the city

8. The Crusades Second Crusade
The Muslim Army under command of Saladin captured Jerusalem again in 1187
The Christians crusade to defeat Saladin and recapture the city

9. The Second Crusade

10. The Crusades The Third Crusade
Led by 3 of Europe’s most powerful monarchs
Philip II of France – went home
German Emperor Frederick – drowned on journey

11. The Crusades The Third Crusade English King Richard the Lion-Hearted
Fought many battles against Saladin
Agreed to a truce with Saladin in 1192
Jerusalem stayed under Muslim control
Saladin promised unarmed Christians could freely visit the city’s holy places

12. The Crusades Other attempts 4th Crusade failed to recapture Jerusalem
In the 1200s, four more Crusades were also unsuccessful
The Children’s Crusade

13. The Crusades Effects of the Crusades Example of Church power
Trade expanded between Europe and Southwest Asia
Thousands of knights and other participants lost their lives
Those who survived brought back culture to Europe
Persecution of Jews; thousands were slaughtered because they were infidels
Failure of later crusades lessened the power of the pope
The Crusades weakened the power of the feudal nobility (Knights were dead)
Began a legacy of bitterness and hatred of Christians for the Muslims and vice versa

14. The Crusades
Result: The Crusades were a violation of “Thou Shalt Not Kill.” It was also an example of an abuse of church power. The effects of the Crusades are still felt through that region of the world today.

15. Spanish Crusade- Reconquista
In Spain, Muslims (called Moors) had controlled most of the country until the 1100s
The Reconquista was a long effort to drive the Muslims out of Spain
By the late 1400s, the Muslims only held the tiny kingdom of Granada
By 1492, Granada fell to the Christian army of Queen Ferdinand and Isabella

16. The Spanish Inquisition
Spain: large Jewish population had achieved high positions in finance, government , and medicine
Most Jews and Muslims had converted to Christianity during the 1400s
Inquisition: Catholic tribunal held to suppress heresy (religious beliefs differing from the teachings of the Church)
The inquisitors suspected Jewish and Muslim converts of Heresy
Suspects would be questioned and tortured- if one confessed they were burned at the stake

17. Torture Devices