1. © Students of History - http://www. teacherspayteachers

2. Christians: where Jesus was crucified and resurrected
Jews: Zion, God’s own city, site of Solomon’s temple
Muslims: 3rd holiest city, where Muhammad ascended to heaven

3. From Latin “crux” (cross)
Crusaders “take up the cross” to recover Holy Land from Muslims
Series of 9 military expeditions,
Knights wore the cross to represent the Christian cross they were fighting for. 

4. Knights: use fighting skills, adventure
Possible wealth or instant salvation if killed
Peasants: freedom from feudal bonds

5. Increase power in Europe
Heal split between Roman Catholic and Byzantine/ Greek Orthodox Church
Saw land in the Middle East as a good place for Europe’s growing population

6. “Expel that wicked race from our Christian lands. Christ commands it.”
Pope Urban promised that anyone who fought forgiveness of all their sins.

7. Crusaders meet in Constantinople
1096 – 1099
Crusaders meet in Constantinople
Killed Jews and Muslims on the way to capturing Jerusalem
Some crusaders stay, creating the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem
There were 2 main groups of Crusaders: the armies and less disciplined groups lesser knights and commoners known as the “People’s Crusade”
By the time the Crusaders made it to Jerusalem in 1099, it had been taken over by Shiite Egyptian Fatamids.

8. Seljuk Turks (Muslim) take part of Crusader states in Palestine
1147 – 1149
Seljuk Turks (Muslim) take part of Crusader states in Palestine
Crusaders fail to recover lands
The city of Jerusalem remained under the control of the Crusaders.

9. Led by Richard the Lionheart of England
1189 – 1192 
Led by Richard the Lionheart of England
Saladin – united Muslims, took Jerusalem in 1187
Saladin’s truce – he keeps city, allows pilgrims access
The territory of the Kingdom of Jerusalem shrank considerably.

10. Crusaders decide not to go to Jerusalem
1204
Crusaders decide not to go to Jerusalem
Attack Christian city of Constantinople instead
The Fourth Crusade is considered to be one of the final acts in the Great Schism between the Eastern Orthodox Church and Roman Catholic Church, and a key turning point in the decline of the Byzantine Empire and Christianity in the Near East.

11. The Crusades
The territory of the Kingdom of Jerusalem shrank considerably.

12. Feudalism breaks down, kings gain authority over Pope & nobles
Bitterness among Muslims, Christians, and Jews
Byzantine Empire weakens
Interactions lead to establishment of trade networks
Along with increased trade came cultural diffusion.

14. King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain wanted to create a Christian Spain
They attempt to drive all Muslims out of Spain

15. Inquisition court set up to try people accused of heresy
Isabella targeted the Jews and Muslims in Spain
Anyone who refused to convert to Christianity was tortured or burned at the stake

16. More than 150,000 people fled Spain in fear
Religious unity was achieved in Spain, but at a huge price
Spain’s economy suffered from loss of many skilled and educated people

17. Do you think the Catholic Church would still have advocated for the Crusades if they knew the long- term results of them? Explain why or why not.