1. The Crusades

2. The Crusades: heading for holy war
11th Century CE, Western Europe began to grow in power and influence
Still less powerful than the Byzantines (Eastern Empire) and the Muslim Empires
Relations between Western Europe and the Byzantines slowly began to improve
The Byzantines asked Western Europeans and the Catholic Church for aid in halting Muslim expansion

3. The Crusades: heading for holy war
Reconquering the Holy Land:
Jerusalem was conquered by Arabs in the 7th Century CE and by the Seljuk Turks in the 11th Century CE
The Catholic Church and Christians wanted to reconquer the region
The importance of Jerusalem:
Judaism—the land promised to them by god and the location of the Hebrew Temple (built by Solomon)
Christianity—the site of Jesus’ crucifixion and resurrection
Islam—where Muhammad ascended to heaven and the location of sacred mosques

4. The Crusades: Start of the first crusade
Byzantine Emperor Alexius I, wrote to Pope Urban II asking for aid against the Seljuk Turks
Council of Clermont (1095)—Pope Urban II’s Speech:
Event that marks the start of the First Crusades
The Pope called on European nobles and knights to aid their Christian brothers and to recapture Jerusalem
Promised an indulgence to those who fought—those who fought were promised forgiveness of sins and a direct ticked to heaven

5. The Crusades: The First and second Crusade
The First Crusade ( ):
Christians recaptured Jerusalem from Egyptian Muslims in 1099 CE
Crusaders captured Muslim territories in Syria and Turkey and built “Crusader States” around the Holy Land
Crusaders slaughtered Jews living in Europe
The Second Crusade ( ):
Seljuk Turks recaptured territories in Syria and Turkey
Crusader armies were heavily defeated

6. The Crusades: The Third Crusade (1189-1192)
Saladin (sultan of Egypt and Syria) recaptured Jerusalem from the Crusaders in 1187 CE
Saladin and Richard the Lionheart (King of England) signed the Treaty of Jaffa
The Treaty of Jaffa:
Three years of peace between Christians and Muslims
Jerusalem remained under Muslim control
Allowed Christian pilgrimages in Jerusalem

7. The Crusades: The Fourth-sixth Crusades (1198-1229)
The Fourth Crusade:
Pope Innocent III called for a new crusade in 1198
Crusaders instead captured Constantinople from the Byzantines
Weakened the Byzantine Empire and created conflict between Catholics and Orthodox Christians
The Fifth and Sixth Crusade:
Crusaders turned their attention away from Muslims to all non-Christians
Crusaders captured Jerusalem briefly but the city was again recaptured by Muslim armies

8. The Crusades: Foreign invasions during the crusades
The Mongols:
Invaded China, Russia, and Muslim states in SW Asia
Weakened the Seljuk Turks and Eastern European kingdoms
The Ottoman Turks:
Conquered Constantinople in 1453 CE
Destroyed and ended the Byzantine Empire

9. The Crusades: Effects of the Crusades
Economic Effects:
Stimulated trade through the Mediterranean and Middle-East
Increased demand for Middle-Eastern goods
Encouraged and increased the use of credit and banking
Social and Political Effects:
Weakened the Pope and nobles; strengthened the power of the monarchs
Weakened the Byzantine Empire
Effects on Religion:
Left a legacy of bitterness between Jews, Christians, and Muslims