1. Crusades

2. DESCRIPTION
A. Crusades - Long series of wars between Christians and Muslims over the Holy Land.
B. Holy Land - Region called Palestine near the city of Jerusalem that Jews, Christians, and Muslims make pilgrimages to. It is located in the Middle East.

3. DESCRIPTION
C. Middle East - Region around the southern and eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea. It includes the countries that are located where the continents of Europe, Asia, and Africa meet.
The following countries are generally included: Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, Egypt, Libya, and Sudan.
D. Roman Catholic Church was the source of stability to people during the Middle Ages in Europe.
Pope had more power than most kings.
2. The church had great influence over the people of Europe and their lives.

4. CAUSES A. For many years, the Holy Land was controlled by the Muslims.
B. Christian pilgrims, from Europe, were not allowed to visit the Holy Land.
1. Pilgrim - one who travels to a holy place to worship.
C. Turkish Muslims began to attack the Christian Byzantine Empire.

5. CAUSES
D. Byzantine Empire asked  Pope Urban II, head of the Roman Catholic Church, for help, Pope agreed to help.
E. Pope called on the Christians of Europe to retake the Holy Land from the Muslim Turks.
F. Pope told kings and nobles to quit fighting each other and fight together against the Muslim Turks.
G. Thousands of Europeans joined the Pope's army.

6. WHY GO ON A CRUSADE? A. Honor - Push the Muslims out of the Holy Land.
B. Power - Nobles wanted to gain land.  Having land meant power during the Middle Ages.
1. Find treasures and riches from those you conquered.
C. Diffusion - Spread your religion, Christianity.

7. CRUSADES I-IV
A. Crusade - Latin for marked with a cross. Crusaders sewed crosses onto their clothing to show they were fighting for God. They lasted over a couple of hundred years.
B. First Crusade
1. 5,000 peasants and nobles and knights joined the First Crusade.
2. They met in Constantinople - a city easily defendable, important for international trade, and located on the Bosporus Strait.
3. Peasants went the Holy Land before the soldiers. They killed Jews in Europe due to blaming Jews for Jesus' death. Turkish troops killed most of the peasants because the peasants were untrained.
4. Nobles and knights did better by taking Jerusalem.
a. Christian Crusaders massacred of all the city’s men, women, and children
5. They set up a trade system with the people back in Europe.
6. Christians held onto Jerusalem for more than 50 years.

8. B. Second Crusade
1. After 50 years, Muslims started to regain land they had lost in the First Crusade.
2. French and German kings started the Second Crusade to win back these lands.
3. It was a failure with the Crusaders having heavy losses.

9. C. Third Crusade In 1187 Muslim leader Saladin retook Jerusalem. He did not slay the defeated Christians but permitted many to go free. 2. King Richard I the Lion Heart, a French king, and a German king led an army to retake Jerusalem. 3. The German king drowned in a river and the French king left. 4. King Richard I the Lion Heart and Saladin fought each other and eventually negotiated a deal. 5. King Richard I the Lion Heart captured some land and Saladin allowed Christians pilgrims safe travel to the Holy Land. 6. Jerusalem stayed in control of Muslims.

10. D. Fourth Crusade        
1. French knights arrived in Italy to sail for the Holy Land.
2. However, they had no money to pay for their travel.
3. Instead, they conquered a trade city and Constantinople.
a. They took many of Constantinople's treasures.

11. V. Reconquista - Effort by Spanish Christians to retake Spain from Spanish Muslim Moors.
A. By the year 1000, southern and Central Spain was controlled by Muslim Moors.
B. Christian warriors fought to drive the Muslim Moors from Spain.
C. By the 1250's, Christian armies  had pushed the Moors almost completely out of Spain.

12. EFFECTS
A. Successes
1. Christians were able to control the Holy Land for a little while.
2. The Reconquista and Crusades stopped Muslims from invading Europe.
3. TRADE BETWEEN EUROPE AND ASIA INCREASED.
a. Trade such products as apricots, rice, and cotton cloth.
b. Also traded ideas such as Muslim scientific advances and military strategies.
4. Due to increased trade, it led Europe towards the Renaissance and European Exploration.
5. Power of the kings increased.

13. EFFECTS B. Failures 1. Muslims continued to control the Holy Land.
2. Due to the Crusades failing, the power of the Pope and Roman Catholic Church weakened.
3. Due to increased trade with Asia, Europe was no longer isolated, and Feudalism was weakened.
4. Many nobles and knights lost their fortunes and lives.
5. Tensions rose between Muslims and Christians.