POWER IN EUROPE GROWS Chapters 8.1 & 13.2

Monarchs and the Church Middle Ages – Monarchs had limited powers – Shrinking every year Clergy and Nobles often had power equal to the Monarch Around the year 1000, things began to shift back to the Monarch in terms of power – Government bureaucracy, tax orders, standing armies, supported middle class workers

William of Normandy comes to power 1066 – King Edward of the Anglo-Saxons dies without and heir 2 claim the throne – Edward’s brother-in-law, Harold – William, Duke of Normandy, also a relative The final decision lay in battle for the crown William raises an army with the backing of the Pope Sails across the English Channel and defeats Harold at the Battle of Hastings Named WILLIAM THE CONQUEROR and crowned King of England – Christmas Day 1066

Expansion of Royal Power William’s reforms: – Granted fiefs to Norman Lords, but kept large tracts of land for himself – Monitored all castle building himself – Forced all nobles to swear an allegiance to him over other feudal lords – 1086 – has a complete census taken (“Domesday Book”) Developed to ensure accurate tax collections Position of the Royal Exchequer

Development of a unified legal system 1154 – England controlled by King Henry II Broadens English law beyond royal decrees – Use of accepted customs Becomes basis for ENGLISH COMMON LAW – Applied to ALL OF ENGLAND (unlike feudal law) – People began bringing disputes to Royal courts instead of Feudal courts or the church Fees were charged, therefore expanding the Royal treasury also – Also, development of a JURY SYSTEM

Legal power over the Church? King Henry Believed had the right to bring clergy to trial Wound up in major dispute with former friend, Sir Thomas Beckett, ARCHBISHOP OF CANTERBURY Wanted someone to “rid him of the meddlesome priest” Thomas Beckett Believed clergy were exempt from trial Refused to “bow” to royal power Was murdered by four angered knights of Henry’s court His death caused him to become a martyr and a saint Henry eased attempted regulations on the clergy

TWO MAJOR EVOLUTIONS THE MAGNA CARTA Signed by King John (1215) at Runnymede Forced to sign by rebellious barons Asserted nobles (and eventually all citizens) had certain rights Protection from arbitrary arrest & imprisonment AND right of trial by jury (due process) Developed writ of habeas corpus No new taxes without consulting council of lords DEVELOPMENT OF PARLIAMENT Started as “Great Council” for advice to the King Later becomes English legislature Helps to unify England Becomes controller of british $$$, allowing them to restrict the financial power of the King

Monarchy in France Hugh Capet – first of the Capetian Kings – Throne again becomes hereditary (primogeniture) – Slowly expands power – gains backing of middle class – Taxes evenly distributed Phillip Augustus – Paid new nobles to fill government positions – Quadrupled land holdings – took over Normandy – Moved to southern France to stop the Albigensians Louis IX – Persecuted heretics (non-Christians) – Expanded royal courts – even heard cases himself – Centralized the monarchy Philip IV – Clash with Pope Boniface VIII – Pope forbade Philip from collecting taxes on clergy, claiming clergy above kings – Philip arrested any clergy who did not pay – Forced Boniface out and had a “new pope” elected – Moved “papcy” to Avignon Pope also elected in Rome – both claimed supremacy