1. England and France Develop Aim: How did the development of France and England lead to democratic traditions? Do Now: What role did the guilds play in the High Middle Ages?

2. Early Invasions In the early 800s, Britain was constantly attacked by Vikings In the early 800s, Britain was constantly attacked by Vikings Alfred the Great, king from 871 to 899, was able to turn back the Viking invasions Alfred the Great, king from 871 to 899, was able to turn back the Viking invasions Alfred and his successors united the kingdom under one rule, calling it England Alfred and his successors united the kingdom under one rule, calling it England

4. Early Invasions (continued) In 1016, the Danish king Canute conquered England and combined Anglo- Saxons and Vikings into one people In 1016, the Danish king Canute conquered England and combined Anglo- Saxons and Vikings into one people In 1042, King Edward the Confessor, a descendant of Alfred the Great, took the throne In 1042, King Edward the Confessor, a descendant of Alfred the Great, took the throne Edward died in January 1066 without an heir Edward died in January 1066 without an heir This led to power struggle of the throne This led to power struggle of the throne

5. The Norman Conquest William the Conqueror, duke of Normandy, was King Edward’s cousin William the Conqueror, duke of Normandy, was King Edward’s cousin He claimed the throne of England He claimed the throne of England He invaded England with a Norman army He invaded England with a Norman army Harold Godwinson, an Anglo-Saxon, also claimed the throne Harold Godwinson, an Anglo-Saxon, also claimed the throne October 14, 1066: The Normans and the Saxons fought the Battle of Hastings October 14, 1066: The Normans and the Saxons fought the Battle of Hastings The Normans won the battle and William declared all England his personal property The Normans won the battle and William declared all England his personal property The English lords who supported Harold lost their lands The English lords who supported Harold lost their lands William granted fiefs to about 200 Norman lords who swore oaths of loyalty to him William granted fiefs to about 200 Norman lords who swore oaths of loyalty to him This became the foundation of a centralized government in England This became the foundation of a centralized government in England

6. Harold takes an Arrow to the Eye

7. Bayeaux Tapestry tells of the Norman Invasion

8. England’s Government William the Conqueror’s descendants owned land in both England and France William the Conqueror’s descendants owned land in both England and France The English King Henry II added to these lands by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine of France The English King Henry II added to these lands by marrying Eleanor of Aquitaine of France Future English kings tried to add to their lands in France and strengthen their power over the nobles and the Church Future English kings tried to add to their lands in France and strengthen their power over the nobles and the Church

9. Monarchs, Nobles, and the Common Law Henry II ruled England from 1154-1189 Henry II ruled England from 1154-1189 He strengthened the royal courts of justice by sending royal judges to every part of England at least once a year He strengthened the royal courts of justice by sending royal judges to every part of England at least once a year They collected taxes, settled lawsuits, and punished criminals They collected taxes, settled lawsuits, and punished criminals He also introduced the jury system (12) He also introduced the jury system (12) These judges established a unified body of laws known as common law These judges established a unified body of laws known as common law Common law became the foundation of law in many English-speaking countries Common law became the foundation of law in many English-speaking countries

10. The Magna Carta King John ruled from 1199- 1216 King John ruled from 1199- 1216 John was not a military leader and lost his lands in France John was not a military leader and lost his lands in France June 15, 1215: Facing a revolt, John agreed to the Magna Carta June 15, 1215: Facing a revolt, John agreed to the Magna Carta The document guaranteed basic political rights to the nobles The document guaranteed basic political rights to the nobles Trial by jury, no taxation without representation, protection of the law Trial by jury, no taxation without representation, protection of the law The Magna Carta limited the power of the king The Magna Carta limited the power of the king

11. The Model Parliament In 1295, Edward I needed to raise taxes for a war against France In 1295, Edward I needed to raise taxes for a war against France Edward summoned two burgesses (wealthy citizens) from every borough and two knights from every county to serve as a parliament (legislature) Edward summoned two burgesses (wealthy citizens) from every borough and two knights from every county to serve as a parliament (legislature) In November 1295, knights, burgesses, bishops, and lords met at Westminster in London In November 1295, knights, burgesses, bishops, and lords met at Westminster in London This became known as the Model Parliament This became known as the Model Parliament Commoners and lords served in the Parliament Commoners and lords served in the Parliament

13. Capetian Dynasty Rules France French kings also looked to increase their power French kings also looked to increase their power In 987, Hugh Capet succeeded the last Carolingian king In 987, Hugh Capet succeeded the last Carolingian king Capet began the Capetian Dynasty of French kings that ruled France from 987 to 1328 Capet began the Capetian Dynasty of French kings that ruled France from 987 to 1328

14. France Becomes a Separate Kingdom For the next 200 years, Capetian kings tightened their grip on French territories For the next 200 years, Capetian kings tightened their grip on French territories Eventually, French kings would unite all of France Eventually, French kings would unite all of France

15. Philip II Expands His Power Philip II, or Philip Augustus, created a strong central government Philip II, or Philip Augustus, created a strong central government He established royal officials known as bailiffs He established royal officials known as bailiffs Bailiffs were sent to every district in the kingdom to collect taxes and preside over the king’s courts Bailiffs were sent to every district in the kingdom to collect taxes and preside over the king’s courts

16. Philip II’s Heirs Louis IX further strengthened France’s central government Louis IX further strengthened France’s central government He created an appeals court that could overturn the decisions of local courts He created an appeals court that could overturn the decisions of local courts These courts strengthened the monarchy and weakened feudal ties These courts strengthened the monarchy and weakened feudal ties Philip IV ruled France from 1285-1314 Philip IV ruled France from 1285-1314 In a plot to get wider support for a disagreement with the pope, Philip included commoners in a meeting of lords and bishops In a plot to get wider support for a disagreement with the pope, Philip included commoners in a meeting of lords and bishops

17. The Estates General Church leaders = First Estate Church leaders = First Estate Lords/nobles = Second Estate Lords/nobles = Second Estate Commoners = Third Estate Commoners = Third Estate These three classes became known as the Estates General These three classes became known as the Estates General It helped to increase royal power against the nobility It helped to increase royal power against the nobility It did not limit the power of the monarchy (unlike Parliament) It did not limit the power of the monarchy (unlike Parliament)