C HAPTER 5 Motivation and Emotion

I. S YMBOLISM, M OTIVATION AND E MOTION Motivation – feelings or ideas that cause us to act a certain way Conscious motivation and more subtle types of motivation Emotion and Motivation link Symbolism – what is acceptable, our higher brain operates in terms of complex symbolism

II. M OTIVATION & E MOTION : P HYSICAL F ACTORS A. The hypothalamus 1. Pleasure/pain 2. Fear/rage B. The reticular formation 1. Activity level (pons/medulla) C. Pituitary: Adrenal Glands 1. Master gland/adrenal gland D. The Gonads 1. Testes, ovaries, androgen, estrogen & sexual interest (mental and symbolic, body is secondary)

III. M OTIVATIONAL F ORCES Drives  Homeostasis A. Hunger 1. Stomach contractions 2. Hypothalamus 3. Blood sugar levels (glucose) 4. Taste !!!!!/learning also plays a role 1. External cues, set point determines typical weight 2. Garcia effect B. Thirst 1. Hypothalamus 2. Learning

III. M OTIVATIONAL F ORCES C. Sexual Motivation 1. Motivated by biological AND psychological factors D. Non-Survival Needs 1. Social motivation – attitudes/goals of society you live in 1. Achievement 2. Curiosity 3. Manipulation 4. Intrinsic v. extrinsic 1. Intrinsic – rewards we get internally (joy, satisfaction) – long term 2. Extrinsic – rewards outside ourselves (grades, salary) – short term 5. Stimulation 1. Harlow – contact comfort 2. Decreased development of cerebellum

T HEORIES OF M OTIVATION Drive Reduction Theory Need – a requirement for survival (food, water, shelter) Drive – our impulse to act in a way that satisfies this need Primary – biological needs Secondary – learned drives Body seeks HOMEOSTASIS – a balanced internal sate Need creates drive Leaves some unanswered questions: Why do people like to ride a rollercoaster? Why do people skydive?

T HEORIES OF M OTIVATION Arousal Theory - We seek optimum levels of excitement or arousal Each person has a different need for excitement/arousal Motivated by activities that help us reach that level

T HEORIES OF M OTIVATION Incentive Theory – Not pushed by need, PULLED by DESIRE Incentives – stimuli that we are drawn to because of learning Rewards/Punishments

IV. T HE T HEORY OF N EEDS Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Basic needs must be met before moving on to the next level If you can’t satisfy a need, you compensate (substitute: become obsessed with a need you can meet) Self actualization – desire to fulfill unique potential as a person, desire for beauty, justice, goodness, truth (fully mature)

SELF ACTUALIZATION Esteem needs: To achieve approval/recognition Belonging/love needs: To be accepted and belong Safety needs: To feel safe, secure, and out of danger Physiological needs : satisfy drives for hunger, thirst, sex

V. P SYCHOLOGICAL M OTIVATION A. Affiliation – being part of a group B. Approval – belonging/love/need C. Achievement – master a task

WHEN MOTIVES CONFLICT Have you ever felt conflicted over a decision? Have you ever felt like what you should do (cultural influences) are contrary to what you want to do? Approach-approach conflict : occurs when you must choose between two desirable outcomes

WHEN MOTIVES CONFLICT Avoidance-avoidance conflict : occurs when you must choose between two unattractive outcomes

WHEN MOTIVES CONFLICT Approach-avoidance : occurs when one event has both attractive and unattractive features Multiple approach-avoidance conflicts : occurs when you must choose between two or more things (both desirable and undesirable features)

VI. E MOTIONS Protect, yet also social Cultural differences except joy, fear, anger, sad (all before age 2) A. Cognition and emotion A. Importance of labeling, interpretation, situation

VII. T HEORIES OF E MOTION A. James-Lange 1. William James and Carl Lange 2. Feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress 1. Example: Big bad wolf jumps out at Little Red Riding Hood – her heart races and physiological changes  fear B. Cannon-Bard 1. Walter Cannon and Philip Bard 2. Physiological changes correspond with emotions 1. Biological change and cognitive awareness happens at the same time (Thalamus sends message to cortex and autonomic nervous system at the same time) C. Schachter's Cognitive Theory: Two-Factor Theory 1. Physical responses and cognitive labels combine to cause an emotional state, interaction 1. Example: if heart is racing, a surprise might scare you more than if you were in a resting state

W ORKS C ITED i&sourceid=navclient- ff&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS352US352&um=1&ie=U TF-8&sa=N&tab=wi people.eku.edu/falkenbergv/psy202/powerpt/cha p008. ppt e/news/files/news/ _naughty_kid.jpg afe=active&rlz=1B3GGGL_enUS352US352&tbs= isch%3A1&sa=1&q=food&aq=f&aqi=&aql=&oq= &start=0&social=false