1. MOTIVATION & EMOTION CH 11 & 13 6-8% OF EXAM

2. MOTIVATION & EMOTION

3. HUNGRY? What motivates you to eat?
Is it physiological (physical) factors or psychological (mental) factors? Could it be a combination of both?
Did the pictures in the previous slides make you hungry even though you ate recently?
If they did, then you were psychologically motivated.
If you haven’t eaten recently you were probably physiologically motivated.

4. Motivation is an internal state that activates behavior and directs it toward a goal
Crash Course:

5. Basic Components of Motivation
Motivation = the drive to begin or maintain behavior
Motive = stimulus moves person toward behavior/goal
Need = lack of something one requires
Drive = force that pushes a person to act
Incentive= force that pulls person toward particular behavior

6. Achievement Motivation
Intrinsic = incentive to perform behavior for self- satisfaction
Extrinsic = incentive to perform for external reward or to avoid punishment

7. Instinct Theory we are motivated by our innate, unlearned behaviors
“Evolutionary programming”
only explains why we do a small fraction of our behaviors

8. Drive Reduction Theory
behavior = motivated by BIOLOGICAL NEEDS
to maintain homeostasis (organism’s tendency to maintain a balanced state)
When we are not, we have a need that creates a drive.
Primary drive = unlearned, to satisfy basic needs (food)
Secondary drive = learned, but may be attached to primary ($ to buy food)

9. Arousal Theory Arousal = to incite to action
primary need = to seek an optimum level of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson Law
Low arousal = lethargic/perform badly
Arousal increase = performance increases
Too much arousal = decrease performance

10. Humanistic Theory Proposed by Maslow
Humans have needs beyond those of survival and reducing drives
Need to do something important with one’s life = as important as basic biological needs
Must satisfy lower needs FIRST

12. HUNGER as Motivation

13. Biological Basis of Hunger
Hunger signals come from our Brain
What part of the brain?
The Hypothalamus = like a thermostat

14. Hunger and the Hypothalamus
Lateral Hypothalamus
When stimulated it makes you hungry.
If lesioned (destroyed) one will never be hungry again 
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
When stimulated you feel full.
If lesioned one will never feel full again. 

15. External Vs Internal Hunger Factors
Hypothalamus (chemicals released in brain)
Basal metabolic rate (rate of burning food)
Body set point (weight loss or gain)
Taste sensation (taste buds react to food)
External
Stress
Eating habits (breakfast, lunch, dinner)
Food-related cues (eating dessert even if full)
Presence of eating cues (time of day)

16. Sexual Motivation
Sex is natural = allows for reproduction of a species = Without sex, none of us would be here!
Chemistry = chemicals in body trigger emotions associated with sex drive
Sex =
A primary need for procreation
Can be a secondary need associated with Maslow’s hierarchy

17. When Motives Conflict approach-approach conflict = 2 desirable choices
avoidance-avoidance conflict = 2 undesirable choices
approach-avoidance conflict = a single events has positive and negative aspects
multiple approach-avoidance conflicts = 2 or more options have positive & negative aspects

18. Approach/Approach Conflict
individual is faced with the necessity of making a choice between two (or more) desirable goals
EX: "Shall I fly or drive to Vegas for the weekend?"
least stressful situation

19. Avoidance/Avoidance Conflict
individual is faced with two goals, both of which are negative
EX: "Either you do your homework or you go to bed without dinner.“

20. Approach/Avoidance Conflict
individual is both attracted and repelled by the same goal which has qualities that make the individual want to approach it and other qualities that make him want to avoid it
EX:  tempted to eat a certain food but know from experience that it gives you the heartburn

21. Multiple (Double) Approach/Avoidance Conflicts
In real life, the individual frequently is faced with having to choose between two (or more) goals, each of which has both attracting and repelling aspects.
EX: Choosing a house in the country = fresh air, room to live, peace and quiet. It also means many hours of commuting to work in heavy traffic and long distances from city amenities and cultural events
Choosing to live in the city = problems and the advantages of city life 

22. EMOTIONS
Emotion is a relatively brief reaction to stimuli involving subjective feelings, physiological arousal, and observable behavior.

23. The Motivation & Emotion Connection
Motivation = source of our behavior
Emotion = feelings associated with our behavior
Emotions can function as motivation
Hit someone because you are angry
Do something because it makes you happy

24. Four Components of Emotion
Interpret, appraise some stimulus (ex. Shark = serious threat)
Experience a feeling (fear, terror, excitement)
Physiological response (heart rate or breathing change)
Show observable behaviors (cry, panic, freeze)

25. Emotions and the Brain Do facial expressions activity :-)
Function = communicate emotion to others
Paul Ekman
some facial expressions are universal & few of us (10 – 20%) can hide true emotions
identified six emotions associated with universal facial expressions (30 yr study)

26. Culturally Universal Expressions
A = happiness
B = surprise
C = fear
D = sadness
E = anger
F = disgust

27. Physiological Theories of Emotion
Main Belief – Emotions derive from physical changes in the body
EX = fear heightened when heart races (panic attack)

28. Examples of Emotion and Physiology
Autonomic nervous system controls
physiological arousal
Sympathetic
division (arousing)
Pupils dilate
Decreases
Perspires
Increases
Accelerates
Inhibits
Secrete stress
hormones
Parasympathetic
division (calming)
Pupils contract
Dries
Slows
Activates
secretion of
stress
EYES
SALIVATION
SKIN
RESPIRATION
HEART
DIGESTION
ADRENAL
GLANDS

29. Cognitive Theories of Emotion
Main Belief – Emotions result from mental processes and physiological changes working together

30. James-LangeTheory of Emotion= I see a bear, my muscles tense, I feel afraid!
Experience of emotion is awareness of physiological responses to emotion-arousing stimuli (react and then label)
Fear
(emotion)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)

31. Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion = I see a bear, I feel afraid and my muscles tense!
Sympathetic NS too slow to account for the speed of emotional reactions = problem with James- Lange.
Emotion-arousing stimuli simultaneously trigger:
physiological responses
subjective experience of emotion
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
Fear
(emotion)

32. Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion = I feel nervous
Schachter’s Two-Factor Theory of Emotion = I feel nervous. I must be scared!
Cognitive
label
“I’m afraid”
Fear
(emotion)
Sight of
oncoming
car
(perception of
stimulus)
Pounding
heart
(arousal)
To experience emotion one must:
be physically aroused
cognitively label the arousal
Then label the feeling

33. Tony Robbins: Why We Do What We Do
Take notes on his 6 human needs
why_we_do_what_we_do.html