Speech Sounds

语音学 Phonetics: the study of sounds 音韵学 Phonology: the study of sound patterns.

2.1Phonetics What is phonetics?

Phonetics is the study of speech sounds.

语音的研究涉及三个领域 1.Articulatory phonetics – the study of the production of speech sounds 发音语音学 2.Acoustic phonetics – the study of the physical properties 物质特征 of the sounds produced in speech 声学语音学 3.Auditory phonetics – the study of perception of speech sounds 感知语音学（听觉语音学）

From the hearer’s point of view: how the sounds are perceived by the hearer, which results in auditory phonetics.

From the way sounds travel:how sounds travel by looking at the sound saves, the physical means by which sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another, which results in acoustic phonetics.

2.2 Organs of speech also known as Vocal Organs 发声器官, are those parts of the human body involved in the production of speech. 三大声腔： the pharynx, mouth, and nose ( 咽、口、鼻 ) Speech sounds are produced with an airstream as their sources of energy.

A. The pharyngeal cavity: 13 windpipe 气管 12 glottis/vocal cords, 11 pharyngeal cavity B. The oral cavity: 1/2 lips, 3/4 teeth, 5 teeth ridge(alveolus), 牙龈 6 hard palate,7 soft palate (velum), 14 uvula, 小舌 8 tip of tongue, 9 blade of tongue, 10 back of tongue C. Nasal cavity:

2.2.1 Consonants The categories of consonant are established on the basis of several factors. The most important of these factors are: 1.the actual relationship between the articulators and thus the way in which the air passes through certain parts of the vocal tract (manner of articulation); 发音方式 2.where in the vocal tract there is approximation, narrowing, or the obstruction of the air (place of articulation). 发音部位

英语辅音表（ 35 页）

英语元音表（ 31 页）

英语元音表 [i:] high front tense unrounded vowel [u] high back lax rounded vowel

2.3 Phonology Phonemes 音位 Phoneme: an abstract phonological unit of distinctive value that is represented or realized by a certain phone. 音位是明显的语音对立单位。音位转写放在 / / 中。 Peak & speak （同一个音位） 拼 & 宾

Minimal pair ( 最小对立体 ) Minimal pair: When two different forms are identical in every way except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in the string, the two sound combinations the two words) are said to form a minimal pair Pill/bill; pill/till; till/kill; kill/dill/; dill/gill /p, b, t, d, k, g/ Cut/but; big/peg; peak/leap

Minimal pair ( 最小对立体 ) Minimal pairs are two words in a language which differ from each other by only one distinctive sound and which also differ in meaning. E.g. the English words tie and die are minimal pairs as they differ in meaning and in their initial phonemes /t/ and /d/.

2.3 From phonetics to phonology Allophones 音位变体 Allophones: different realization of the same phoneme in different phonetic environment. 音位的变化形式叫做同一音位的音位变体。 /p/ : [pħ] & [p] /P/ 有两个音位变体 peak speak [pħ] & [p] 送气 不送气

Supresegmental features 超音段特征 1 syllable 音节 2 stress 重音 3 intonation 语调 4 tone 声调

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