1. PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY

2. What is phonetics The observation of how people say things.
The description of spoken language at the level of "pronunciation"
The measurement of pronunciation events
The modeling of pronunciation behaviour
The explanation of the communicative contribution of pronunciation patterns.

3. PHONETICS
The study of articulation, transmission and perception of speech sounds
Articulatory phonetics
Acoustic phonetics
Auditory phonetics

4. Areas of phonetics Speech production (what do the speech organs do?)
Speech acoustics (what does the resulting speech signal look like?)
Speech perception (What are the acoustic properties that cause us to hear what we hear?)

5. Speech production Consonant articulation Manners stop/plosive
Places
lips (labial)
teeth (dental)
alveolar ridge (alveolar)
hard palate (palatal)
soft palate (velar)
uvula (uvular)
pharynx (pharngeal)
larynx/glottis (glottal)
Manners
stop/plosive
fricative
nasal
lateral
glide/approximant
trill
tap/flap

6. Human Anatomy

7. Speech production [4]
IPA table

8. Speech production [levels]
Respiration (sub-glottal activity) How do we control our breathing to help our speech communication?
Phonation (glottal/laryngeal activity) How do we control our vocal-folds to help our speech communication?
Articulation (supra-glottal activity) How do we control our articulators to help our speech communication?

9. Articulatory phonetics
is the study of the way the vocal organs are used to produce speech sounds
The number of vocal organs varies with languages: there are speech sounds that do not use an air-stream from the lungs (non-pulmonic sounds, e.g. clicks tut tut or tsk tsk)

10. Acoustic phonetics
is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds and how they are transmitted
Sound energy is a pressure wave consisting of vibrations of molecules in an elastic medium – a gas, a liquid, a solid; in this case, air – air particles are disturbed through the movements and vibrations of the vocal organs, especially the vocal folds. The process continues as a chain reaction for as long as the energy lasts.
Air particles move in the form of a wave: they are characterized by oscillation , frequency (hertz), amplitude and intensity (decibels).

11. Waveforms of the vowel /a:/ and the consonant /s/

12. Spectrograph:
Speech spectrograph (a machine) is used to display sounds acoustically: time (duration) of a sound is displayed horizontally, acoustic frequency of a sound is displayed vertically, and intensity is shown by the relative darkness of the marks.

13. Types of spectrogram:

14. Spectrogram:
Vowels and vowel-like sounds are darkest and different vowel qualities can be seen in the changing pattern of black bands (formants) which represent varying concentrations of acoustic energy in the vocal tract.

15. Auditory phonetics
is the study of the way people perceive speech sounds; the study of speech perception.
1st step – when sound waves arrive at the ear;
2nd step – transmission of sound along the auditory nerve to the brain

16. PHONOLOGY
The application of phonetics to a particular language or languages
In most languages fewer than 50 distinct sound units
It is concerned with establishing what units of sound a language uses and how it makes use of them
Examines the relationship between sounds in a given language and takes account of the theory of sound systems in general

17. Phonology
By contrast with phonetics, which studies all possible sounds that the human vocal apparatus can make, phonology studies only those contrasts in sound (the phonemes) which make differences of meaning within language.

18. Phonology
When considering the sound system of English, we are referring to the number of phonemes which are used in the language, and to how they are organized. To say there are 20 phonemes in a particular accent means that there are 20 units which can differentiate word meanings: e.g. /e/ is different from /i:/, for example, because there are pairs of words (such as set and seat) which can be distinguished only by replacing one of these vowels by the other.