1. Vowels and Consonant
Serikova Aigerim

2. Vowels
Vowels: a vowel is a letter which makes a distinct sound by itself.
If air passes straight through the mouth without being stopped or constricted anywhere, this forms a vowelsound.
The vowels in the English language are:
A, E, I, O, U

3. Consonants
Consonants: The word consonant is used to refer to a letter of an alphabet that denotes a consonant sound.  It forms a syllable only in combination with vowel. Consonant letters in the English alphabet are: B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q, R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, Z

4. The system of English sounds. Classifications of sounds
The system of English sounds. Classifications of sounds. (Organs of speech)
Organs of speech
Active-movable are the organs of speech that are taking the active part in the sounds formation
The passive organs of speech stay non moving during the process of articulation
The air passage:
Diaphragm
Lungs
Larynx
Supraglottal cavities
Pharynx
Mouth
Nasal cavities
Organs of speech
Active - movable
The vocal cords
The tongue
The back of the tongue
The front
The blade
The tip
The lips
The soft palate
The uvula
The pharynx (the back wall)
The lower jaw
The lungs
Passive
The teeth
The teeth ridge
The hard palate
The bones resonators

5. The system of English sounds. Classifications of sounds.
Produced by humans
Phonemes (allophones)
Consonants
The consonants articulation involves the obstruction
Vowels
The vowels articulation is characterized by the absence of any obstruction or narrowing in the vocal tract
Other
Main definitions
Sounds are combinations of the acoustic waves.
Units of the phonetic system which help to recognize and distinguish words of the language are generally called phonemes.
Different phonetic realizations of a phoneme are known as allophones.
Minimal pairs are the pairs of words which are different in respect of one sound. Words like pin, tin, sin are distinguished by a change in the first consonantal element so the phoneme p, t, s may be revealed.
The two main groups of sounds in the phonetics are consonants and vowels.

6. The system of English sounds. Classifications of sounds. (Consonants)
Manner of noise production
Non-sonorous
Sonorous
Type of obstruction
Occlusive
Constrictive
Occlusive – constrictive
Place of obstruction
Labial
Bilabial
Labio-dental
Lingual
Fore lingual
Medio lingual
Back lingual
Glottal
Level of noise
Unicentral
Bicentral
Work of the vocal cords
Voiced
Voiceless
The degree of the muscular tension
Strong (Fortis)
Weak (Lenis)

7. The system of English sounds. Classifications of sounds.
Vowels
Stability of articulation
Monophthongs
Diphthongs
Tongue position
Front
Front-retracted
Central
Back-advanced
Height of the raised part (High, mid, low)
Length
Long
Short
Degree of tension
Tense
Lax
Lip positions
Neutral
Spread
Rounded