1. Phonetics & Phonology

2. the science of human speech sounds
Phonetics studies how sounds are produced, transmitted and perceived.

3. Articulatory phonetics: Observes the organs involved in speech production
X-ray photography and cinematography

4. Auditory phonetics: studies humans’ perception of sounds; how pronunciation is perceived by listeners.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and computerized tomography (CT)

5. Acoustics phonetics: studies the physical properties of sounds
Spectrogram, Praat

6. Funny English writing!

7. One sound can be written using different letters: see, thief, receive, amoeba, and machine.
The same letter can stand for different sounds: sign, pleasure, and resign; charter, character; father, all, about, apple, any, and age.
A single sound can be written in different combination of sounds: lock, that, book, boast, mountain, shop, apple, or special.
A single letter can represent a combination of sounds: exit, use
A letter can stand for NO sound at all: know, doubt, though, island, rhubarb, or moose.

8. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).
The IPA is a standardized representation of the natural languages sounds.

11. Speech sounds “are created by modifying the volume and direction of a flow of air using various parts of the human respiratory system”
If the direction of the air is outwards (going out from the lungs to the mouth), then it is called pulmonic egressive (found in all human languages).
If the direction of the air is inwards beginning from the velum or the glottis, then it is called velaric ingressive (found in Zulu in South Africa) and glottalic ingressive (found in Navajo in North America)

12. Vocal Tract (Articulatory Organs)
Oral cavity
Upper lip
Lower lip
Upper teeth
Alveolar ridge
Tongue tip
Tongue blade
Tongue body
Tongue root
Epiglottis
Pharynx
Hard palate
Soft palate (velum)
Larynx [has the vocal folds]
Vocal Tract (Articulatory Organs)

13. consonants and vowels play
Speech sounds
Segments
Suprasegmentals
1. consonants (with constriction)
2. vowels (no constriction)
consonants and vowels play
roles in a syllable

14. Segmental Features: Voicing: is the sound voiced or voiceless?
Place of articulation: where is the airstream constricted?
Manner of articulation: how is the airstream constricted?

15. Vocal folds vibrate = voiced Vocal folds do not vibrate = voiceless

16. Place of Articulation

17. Place of Articulation
Description
Phones
Examples
Bilabial
Bringing lips together
[p], [b], [m], [w]
pat, mat, ball, window
Labiodental
Lower lip against the upper front teeth
[f], [v]
fat, vat, feel, veil, van
Interdental
Tip of the tongue protrude between front teeth
[ɵ], [ ð ]
the, thin, thigh
Alveolar
Tip of the tongue is at or near the alveolar ridge
[t], [d], [s], [z], [n], [l], [ɹ]
tree, door, sun, zoo, north, law, red
Post-alveolar
Made at the front of the hard palate, behind the alveolar ridge
[Ʒ], [ʃ], [t͡ʃ ], [d͡ʒ]
measure, leash, church, judge
Palatal
Tongue near the center of the hard palate
[ ʝ ]
yes
Velar
Tongue near the velum
[k], [g], [ŋ]
keep, girl, sing
Glottal
Made at glottis
[h], [ʔ]<(glottal stop)
hat, uh-oh

18. Manner of Articulation

19. Manner of Articulation
Description
phones
Examples
Stops
obstructing the airstream completely
[p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g], [ʔ]
pool, bat, tree, deer, kite, girl, uh-oh
Fricatives
A nearly complete obstruction of the vocal tract. The opening for the air to pass is small leading to a friction
[f], [v], [s], [z], [h], [ʒ], [ ʃ ], [ ɵ ], [ ð ]
father, van, sun, zebra, hall, jeans, ship, three, the
Affricates
Stopping airstream, then releasing the articulators to produce a friction sound
[ t͡ʃ ] , [ d͡ʒ ]
church, judge
Nasals
Produced by lowering the velum to let the nasal passage open for the vocal tract
[ n ] , [ ŋ ]
north, king
Liquids
a narrow constriction that does not block the vocal tract. The airstream passes through the sides
[ l ] , [ɹ ]
later, red
Glides
Slight closure to articulators
[ w ] , [ j ]
window, yawn
Flap
complete obstruction of the oral cavity with a fast closure; similar to stops. (found in AmE)
[ ɾ ]
ladder, water

20. Vowels

21. The shape of the vocal tract and quality of a vowel can be changed through four main ways:
Raising or lowering the tongue
Advancing or retracting the tongue
Rounding or not rounding the lips
Making the above movements with tense or lax gesture
Vowels are of two main types:
1. Monophthongs: a one-part vowel
2. Diphthongs: a two-part vowel

22. Suprasegmental Features

23. Suprasegmental features are those features that ride on segments
Suprasegmental features are those features that ride on segments. And they are:
Length: met vs. meet
Intonation: the pattern of pitch movements across a stretch of speech. Pitch is the rate of vibration of the vocal folds.

24. Tone: the use of pitch to make differences in a word’s meaning.
Stress: a property of the syllable. It makes a syllable more prominent than others. ex: record
Segment
Tone pattern
Meaning mã
high level
mum/mom má
high rising
hemp
mă
low falling raising
horse mà
high falling
scold

25. The End