1. PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTICS Lourna J. Baldera BSED- ENGLISH 1

2. PHONETICS A system for describing and recording the sounds of language objectively. The production and perception of speech sounds.

3. Articulatory Phonetics To produce speech, air must flow from the lungs through the vocal tract, which includes the vocal folds, the nose or nasal cavity, and the mouth or oral cavity.

4. Diacritic. Phonetic symbols used to represent fine differences in pronunciation

5. CONSONANTS All consonants are produced by entirely or almost entirely stopping the airstream coming from the lungs.

6. Classification of consonants according to the following characteristics: 1. Voicing. Wether or not the vocal folds are vibrating. Voiced- those produced with vibrating vocal cords. Voiceless- those produced without vocal cord vibration.

7. 2. Manner of articulation. Wether the sound is made with a fully stopped or merely constricted airstream. Stops-full stoppage of the airstream Fricatives-constriction of the airstream Affricates- full stoppage of the airstream followed immediately by constriction

8. 3. Place of articulation.The mouth the stoppage or constriction is made. Labiodental- sounds are made by bringing the top teeth into contact with the bottom lip and forcing air between the two to create the fricatives Interdental- sounds are made by placing the tip of the tongue between the top and bottom of the teeth and forcing air through.

9. Alveolar- sounds are made by bringing the tounge and the alveolar ridge together to create either a stop or fricative (Alveo-)palatal- sounds are made by bringing the blade of the tounge to, or close to, the alveo- palatal area of the roof of the mouth to create fricatives and affricates.

10. Velar- sounds are created by stopping the airstream by bringing the back of the tongue into contact with the velum. Glottal- sounds are created by either narrowing the vocal folds sufficiently to create a fricatives or closing them to create a stop.

11. 4. Nasality. Whether or not air is flowing through the nasal cavity. 5. Liprounding. Wether or not the lips are pursed.

12. VOWELS Vowels are produced with a smooth, unobstructed airflow through the oral tract.

13. Vowel qualities characteristics 1. The height of the tongue in the mouth 2.The part of the tongue raised(front, middle, or back) 3. The configuration of the lips 4. The tension of the muscles of the oral tract.

14. Front and Back Vowels Front vowel. Vowel produced with the front of the tongue raised toward the hard palate. Back vowel. Vowel produced with the back of the tongue raised toward the soft palate.

15. Diphthongs. Two vowel sounds joined in one syllable to form one speech sound. Monophthongs. A vowel sound that throughout it's duration has a single constant articulatory position.

16. PHONOLOGY PHONOLOGY is the study of how the speech sounds of a language are used in that language to distinguish meaningful units, how sounds are patterned in a language.

17. PHONEMES. Sounds units that distinguish words from each other. It is most easily identified trough minimal pairs and are used to demonstrate sound, just as where sip has [s], zip has [z] [z]and [s] contrast with each other

18. ALLOPHONES. Sounds that make up category are called the allophones of that phoneme. Allophones and their contexts a. Complementary Distribution. When the allophones of a phoneme occupy different positions in words. b.Context or Environment

19. c. Distribution. Specific circumstances in which a sound occurs. d.Phonological rule. When the phoneme /E/ occurs before a voiceless consonant it is pronounced as it's allophone[E]; when it occurs before a voiced consonant it is pronounced as it's allophone [E:]. Remember: [:] is a diacritic indicating a lengthened sound.)

20. Phonological rules. General statement about the distribution of a phoneme's allophones. Types of ponological rules. 1. Feature addition rules. This rules adds the aspiration feature to the consonant. 2.Feature Changing rules. Change the value of a component feature of a sound, for instance, from non-nasal to nasal or from short to long. Nasalized. Sounds articulated with air flowing through the nasal activity.

21. 3. Segment deletion rules. Remove sound segment 4.Assimilation rules. Such as the vowel nasalization rule, make a segment and it's neighbor more a like.